1-5% of human blood T cells are Vγ9Vδ2 T cells whose T cell receptor (TCR) contain a TRGV9/TRGJP rearrangement and a TRDV2 comprising Vδ2-chain. They respond to phosphoantigens (PAgs) like isopentenyl pyrophosphate or (E)-4-hydroxy-3-methyl-but-2-enyl-pyrophosphate (HMBPP) in a butyrophilin 3 (BTN3)-dependent manner and may contribute to the control of mycobacterial infections. These cells were...

Background: Current research provides evidence to support the theory that a diet restricting foods considered to have high antigenic potential might be beneficial in the treatment of multiple sclerosis (MS). Grains, legumes and dairy foods may have high antigenic potential and could be contributing environmental factors in genetically susceptible people. Design: Literature review. Methods: An I...

We previously identified 9 genes and chromosomal region 3q28 as susceptibility loci for myocardial infarction, ischemic stroke, or chronic kidney disease (CKD) in Japanese individuals by genome-wide or candidate gene association studies. In the present study, we examined the association of 13 polymorphisms at these 10 loci with the prevalence of hypertriglyceridemia, hyper-low-density lipoprote...

Lactation represents an important element of the life history strategies of all mammals, whether monotreme, marsupial, or eutherian. Milk originated as a glandular skin secretion in synapsids (the lineage ancestral to mammals), perhaps as early as the Pennsylvanian period, that is, approximately 310 million years ago (mya). Early synapsids laid eggs with parchment-like shells intolerant of desi...

BACKGROUND Dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) is one type of primary myocardial disease, partly caused by immunity dysfunctions. BTNL2 (butyrophilin-like 2) has already been confirmed to be involved in the etiology of autoimmune disorders and GWAS (genome wide association study) has also identified mutants of a SNP (single nucleotide polymorphism) near BTNL2 could modulate risk of coronary heart dise...

OBJECTIVE The butyrophilin-like 2 (BTNL2) G16071A gene polymorphism has been implicated in the susceptibility to granulomatous diseases, but the results were inconclusive. The objective of the current study was to precisely explore the relationship between BTNL2 G16071A gene polymorphism and granulomatous disease susceptibility by the meta-analysis including false-positive report probability (F...

Background Sjogren’s disease (SjD) is an autoimmune characterized by reduced function of exocrine glands (i.e., salivary and lacrimal glands). Epithelial cell damage resulting from lymphocytic infiltration has been implicated in SjD etiology [1]. How genetic epigenetic changes influence epithelial-immune interactions pathogenesis remain understudied. Objectives Evaluate the role risk loci gland...

The objective of this work was to characterize the fat globule and milk fat globule membrane (MFGM) proteins in Maiwa (n = 6), Gannan (n = 4) and Zhongdian yak whole milks (n = 4). Fat globule size distribution and specific fat surface area of whole yak milk were determined using a laser diffraction particle size analyzer. The average specific fat surface area of Gannan yak milk (2.05 m·mg) and...