Basic research on bilingual development suggests several conclusions that can inform clinical practice with children from bilingual environments. They include the following: (1) Dual language input does not confuse children. (2) It is not necessary for the two languages to be kept separate in children's experience to avoid confusion. (3) Learning two languages takes longer than learning one; on...

This study investigates the Voice Onset Time (VOT) of stop consonant production in six bilingual English-Arabic children in order to examine whether bilingual children possess one unitary or two separate linguistic systems. A total of six English-Arabic bilingual children participated ages 5 to 10. English and Arabic stop consonants followed by a vowel /a/ made by bilingual children were measur...

the question of who is and who is not a bilingual is more difficult to answer than it first appears. bilingualism was long regarded as the equal mastery of two languages, a definition that still prevails in certain glossaries of linguistics. however, today's complex world requires a more exact definition and analysis of the competencies that community members require to interact with speakers o...

Introduction: It is predicted that tourism will be the most profitable industry in the world in 2020. The current study aimed to evaluate the influence of advertising on attracting foreign medical tourists based on the marketing mix model. Methods: In this descriptive study, participants (n=136) completed a standard questionnaire containing items on demog...

This work deals with subsidy transfer from a manufacturer to a retailer through the distributor in cooperative advertising. While the retailer engages in local advertising, the manufacturer indirectly participates in retail advertising using advertising subsidy which is given to the distributor, who in turn transfers it to the retailer. The manufacturer is the Stackelberg game leader; the distr...

The goal of the current study is to determine the optimal level of advertising beyond which advertising expenditure will not be justified by revenues. To achieve the goal first different types of media were rated by experts as to the degree of their importance. Then data ware collected by interviewing the managers and reviewing different media resources. The collected data were then analyze...

The aim of this research is to help advance a better understanding of digital advertising innovation adoption, consumer acceptance of customized advertising, and the influence of customized advertising on product purchase intent via a mobile social network. To this end, two types of questionnaires, including an open questionnaire filled up by 16 experts and university professors was designed to...

OBJECTIVE The question addressed in this review is whether aggregate alcohol advertising increases alcohol consumption among college students. Both the level of alcohol-related problems on college campuses and the level of alcohol advertising are high. Some researchers have concluded that the cultural myths and symbols used in alcohol advertisements have powerful meanings for college students a...

Analysis of the welfare effect of advertising depends critically upon the effect of advertising on market prices. In many circumstances, advertising that leads to higher (lower) market prices is overproduced (underproduced) from society s perspective. This paper demonstrates that these predictions may not hold when consumer search costs are important. A model is developed to show how advertisin...