Bitcoin ([3]) is the world’s first decentralized digital currency, allowing the easy storage and transfer of cryptographic tokens. It uses a peer-to-peer network to carry information, hashing as a synchronization signal to prevent double-spending, and a powerful scripting system to determine ownership of the tokens. There is a growing technology and business infrastructure supporting it. By the...

From 1st January 2002 we have the unique possibility to follow the spread of national euro coins over the different European countries. We model and analyse this movement and estimate the time it will take before on average half the coins in our wallet will be foreign.

Many of the standard notions of security we have examined quarter with respect to two-party communication may fail to capture notions of security in unusual settings. One such setting, not unrealistic in multi-party protocols, is the setting in which a receiver receives n individual messages from n distinct senders, all of which are encrypted and committed to their values. At some point, the re...

Abstract This paper summarizes and compares several main types of coin sorting devices. Through different processes principles, the coins 1 jiao, 5 yuan are classified collected separately. Because structural characteristics coins, they have advantages multiple circulation, wear resistance, easy recovery, so on. Coins play an important role in small denomination currency. These devices can real...

Objectives To determine factors associated with the passage of coins. To determine the need for repeat preoperative chest x-ray (CXR) for esophageal coin foreign body. Setting Academic tertiary care center. Design Case series with chart review. Subjects and Methods Patient information was retrieved from an Institutional Review Board-approved database. We identified 1359 children with esophageal...

We use Markov chains and numerical linear algebra — and several CPU hours — to determine the expected number of coins in a person’s possession under certain conditions. We identify the spending strategy that results in the minimum possible expected number of coins, and we consider two other strategies which are more realistic.

oreign body (FB) impaction in the esophagus is a common and serious health problem. Foreign bodies can lead to many complications such as esophageal perforation, mucosal erosions1 and fistulizations.2 Complication from esophageal FB can include death.3 The maximum incidence of esophageal FB occurs among children under 5 years old.4 The most common kind of the esophageal FBs in Oman are mutton b...

This paper describes the coins (COnstraint-based INteractive Solving) system: a conflict-based constraint solver. It helps understanding inconsistencies, simulates constraint additions and/or retractions (without any propagation), determines if a given constraint belongs to a conflict and provides diagnosis tools (eg. why variable v cannot take value val). coins also uses user-friendly represen...

We investigate a coin-weighing puzzle that appeared in the all-Russian Mathematics Olympiad in 2000. The methods of analysis differ from classical coin-weighing puzzles. We generalize the puzzle by varying the number of participating coins, and deduce a complete solution. Perhaps surprisingly, the objective can be achieved in no more than two weighings regardless of the number of coins involved.