The established Kjeldahl technique for estimating nitrogen (King and Wooton, 1956) was employed using a Markham still and standardized sulphuric acid and sodium hydroxide with phenolpthalein as indicator. Urinary nitrogen was estimated on 1 ml aliquots. For faeces and food 10-20 g aliquots of homogenate previously prepared with a Silverson mixer were weighed and digested on the macro scale. The...

The voided volume of urine or the uroflowmetry of the patients are routinely examined in urology department of healthcare facilities in order to diagnose urinary system diseases or manage systemic metabolism. Conventional uroscopy has several problems. Patients often suffer mental anguish with a sense of shame on ground that they discharge their urine and leave it in the public eye at inspectio...

Thirteen antihistaminic drugs and their analogues are tested for their extraction by headspace solid-phase microextraction from human whole blood and urine. Their determination is made by using capillary gas chromatography with flame ionization detection. Relatively high recoveries are obtained for terodiline, diphenhydramine, diphenylpyraline, and orphenadrine in urine; but the recoveries in b...

Urine source separation (NoMix technology) is a promising innovation in wastewater management. To improve and further develop NoMix technology, it has been implemented in four Swiss households and at our research institute (Eawag). We conducted measurements during one year on frequency of toilet usage (in households 5.2/person/day for weekdays, and 6.3/person/day for weekends), flushing behavio...

is started on a new antibiotic, always take an “antibiotic timeout” and reassess the patient after the first 48 to 72 hours of antimicrobial therapy to assure that the patient has responded to the antimicrobial therapy, as many of the uropathogens are multidrug-resistant. A urinalysis and culture should be collected based on the patient’s symptoms and not solely based on the urine’s characteris...

BACKGROUND AND METHODS Quantitative enzyme-immunoassays of urinary and fecal immunoglobulin A (IgA), cortisol and 11-17-dioxoandrostanes (11,17-DOA), and serum cortisol in eight metabolic-cage-housed female cynomolgus monkeys were performed. The monkeys were divided into two groups, B and NB. Group B animals were blood sampled every 6 hours, whereas Group NB animals were not handled/blood sampl...

Aim of this study was to evaluate the biotransformation of simple phenols after ingestion of edible fruits and mixed food. It was analyzed hippuric acid in urine as biomarker of conjugation in the liver cells of glycine with aromatic phenolic acids such benzoic and salicylic acid from ingested food. Measurement of hippuric acid in urine samples of 10 healthy individuals: 5 female and 5 male wit...

Cortisol concentration (CC) is often used as a stress indicator in animals, as high CC is associated with elevated stress levels. During field research, non-invasive methods of measuring CC, such as collection of urine and feces, are superior to using blood samples when monitoring free-ranging animals' stress levels. However, due to different metabolic pathways, whether CC can be detected in ur...

BACKGROUND Peptidome profiling of human urine is a promising tool to identify novel disease-associated biomarkers; however, a wide range of preanalytical variables influence the results of peptidome analysis. Our aim was to develop a standardized protocol for reproducible urine peptidome profiling by means of magnetic bead (MB) separation followed by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization ...

Methyl parathion (MP) is an organophosphate pesticide illegally applied to the interiors of many hundreds of homes throughout the United States by unlicensed pesticide applicators. Public health authorities developed a protocol for investigating contaminated homes and classifying their need for public health interventions. This protocol included environmental screening for MP contamination and ...