Multi-path routing, a routing technique that enables data transmission over multiple paths, is an effective strategy in achieving reliability in wireless sensor networks. However, multi-path routing does not guarantee deterministic transmission. This is because more than one path is available for transferring data from the source node to the destination node. A hybrid multi-path routing algorit...

This study introduces an individual-based model on a host-parasite assemblage to investigate whether hosts are necessarily selected for obstructing the transmission of virulent parasites to conspecifics. Contrary to the widespread notion, a host's ability to influence parasite transmission within the host population is a neutral character provided that parasite transmission routes are random, w...

TO THE EDITOR—We read with interest the correspondence by Karagoz et al [1] regarding our article on the prevalence of Middle East respiratory syndrome coro-navirus (MERS-CoV) nasal carriage and compliance with the Saudi health recommendations among pilgrims attending the 2013 Hajj [2]. On behalf of all authors of our original article, we would like to respond to their correspondence. Karagoz e...

context crimean-congo hemorrhagic fever (cchf) is a tick-borne viral disease with a mortality rate of 30% to 80% and reported from more than 30 countries in asia, africa, south-eastern europe, and the middle east. it is a zoonotic viral disease and an important health problem. in endemic areas, livestock handlers, livestock market workers, skin processors, veterinary staff, farmers, and healthc...

BACKGROUND A key challenge for modelling infectious disease dynamics is to understand the spatial spread of infection in real landscapes. This ideally requires a parallel record of spatial epidemic spread and a detailed map of susceptible host density along with relevant transport links and geographical features. RESULTS Here we analyse the most detailed such data to date arising from the UK ...

BACKGROUND Transmission of hepatitis C virus (HCV) between spouses could be due to sexual contact, sharing needles, or other routes. There is uncertainty regarding the degree to which HCV is transmitted between spouses. METHODS Data from a 1997 cross-sectional serological survey of HCV in two communities in Egypt were used to estimate the risk of transmission between spouses by simultaneously...

UNLABELLED Despite having the highest hepatitis C virus (HCV) prevalence in the world, the ongoing level of HCV incidence in Egypt and its drivers are poorly understood. Whereas HCV mother-to-child infection is a well-established transmission route, there are no estimates of HCV infections resulting from vertical transmission for any country, including Egypt. The aim of this study was to estima...

Respiratory disease due to influenza virus is common in both human and swine populations around the world with multiple transmission routes capable of transmitting influenza virus, including indirect routes. The objective of this study was to evaluate the role of fomites in influenza A virus (IAV) transmission between pig populations separated by two different biosecurity settings. Thirty-five ...

BACKGROUND The flaviviruses causing tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) persist at low but consistent levels in tick populations, despite short infectious periods in their mammalian hosts and transmission periods constrained by distinctly seasonal tick life cycles. In addition to systemic and vertical transmission, cofeeding transmission has been proposed as an important route for the persistence of ...