Since 2017, the Worldwide LHC Computing Grid (WLCG) has been working towards enabling token based authentication and authorisation throughout its entire middleware stack. Following publication of WLCG Common JSON Web Token (JWT) Schema v1.0 [1] in 2019, developers have able to enhance their services consume validate JWT-based [2] OAuth2.0 [3] tokens process authorization information they convey...

Token passing channel access mechanisms are used in several communication networks. An important class of token passing approaches are the so-called timed token protocols, which are able to manage both real-time traffic and non real-time traffic. Recently, a new token passing protocol, called Budget Sharing Token protocol (BuST), was proposed to improve the existing timed token approaches in te...

A token-based model for asynchronous data path, called static data flow structures (SDFS), is formally defined. Three token game semantics are introduced for this model, namely atomic token, spread token and counterflow. The SDFS semantics are analysed using a simple benchmark example; their advantages and drawbacks are highlighted. A combination of spread token and counterflow models, which em...

Given two independent sets I and J of a graph G, imagine that a token (coin) is placed on each vertex in I. Then, the Sliding Token problem asks if one could transforms I to J using a sequence of elementary steps, where each step requires sliding a token from one vertex to one of its neighbors, such that the resulting set of vertices where tokens are placed still remains independent. In this pa...

Numerous studies have demonstrated that disruptive classroom behavior can be decreased by delivering tokens contingent upon periods of time during which children do not engage in it or by removing tokens contingent upon its occurrence. To date, the best controlled of these studies have consistently reported the two procedures to be qually effective. However, in these studies, token the two proc...

General Purpose Controller Network Architecture (GPCNA) is an experimental network architecture designed for interconnecting nodes in distributed embedded applications. GPCNA provides deterministic access to the network medium to support distributed hard real-time application components. GPCNA uses a token bus to transfer fixed sized frames. Token monitor issues an explicit token that contains ...

A diagnostic of a power law distribution is that a log-log plot of frequency against rank yields a (nearly) straight line. For instance, Zipf (1935) plotted word token counts in a variety of texts against the inverse rank of each distinct word type and showed that typically such plots approximate a straight line. The characteristic ‘Zipf curve’ of word frequency against rank deviates from this ...