Innate immunity is the first line of host defense and represents inherited resistance to infection. Innate immunity works through toll-like receptors (TLRs), which recognize the conserved molecular patterns on pathogenic bacteria known as pathogen-associated molecular patterns. The periodontium is a unique environment in which oral microorganisms are in constant contact with the host immune sys...

Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are powerful molecular regulators by which the immune system may "sense" the environment and protect the host from pathogens or endogenous threats. In mammalian cells, several TLRs were identified with a tissue and cell type-specific distribution. Understanding the functions of specific TLRs is crucial for the development and discovery of compounds useful to maintaini...

INTRODUCTION TOLL-LIKE RECEPTORS: KEY RECEPTORS OF THE INNATE IMMUNE SYSTEM The human body constantly encounters a diverse spectrum of pathogens. To defend itself, a complex immune system has evolved consisting of two subdivisions: the innate and the adaptive immune systems. The innate immune system constitutes the so-called “first line of defense” and acts through highly conserved germline-enc...

BACKGROUND Bacterial infections remain a major threat and a leading cause of death worldwide. Most of the bacterial infections are caused by gram-positive and negative bacteria, which are recognized by Toll-like receptor (TLR) 2 and 4, respectively. Activation of these TLRs initiates multiple pathways that subsequently lead to effective immune response. Although, both the TLRs share common sign...

T oll-like receptors (TLRs) are a family of proteins that are involved in the initial phase of host defence against invading pathogens. TLRs act as primary sensors of microbial products and activate signalling pathways that lead to the induction of immune and inflammatory genes. TLRs belong to a broader family of proteins, which include receptors for the proinflammatory cytokines interleukin (I...

Facial nerve palsy directly impacts the quality of life, with patients facial showing increased rates depression and limitations in social activities. Although is not life-threatening, it can devastate emotional lives affected individuals. Hence, improving prognosis this condition vital importance. The determined by cause disease, degree damage, treatment provided. be easily damaged middle ear ...

Neurogenesis, the process of generating new neurons in the brain, fascinates researchers for its promise to affect multiple cognitive and functional processes in both health and disease. Many cellular pathways are involved in the regulation of neurogenesis, a complexity exemplified by the extensive regulation of this process during brain development. Toll-like receptors (TLRs), hallmarks of inn...

Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are well known activators of immune responses, but their involvement in the plasma cell (PC) differentiation process remains mostly unknown. This review is focused on the expression and function of TLRs on normal PCs and their malignant counterpart, Multiple Myeloma cells. We report studies that suggest a role for TLR ligands as adjuvants of the humoral immune respons...

The skin, the largest organ in the body, provides the first line of defense against the environment both as a physical barrier and as a key immunological component. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) serve as signaling molecules that recognize pathogenassociated molecular patterns (PAMPs) as well as damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs), and are expressed by various skin cells including keratino...

Sensing of nucleic acids by TLRs is crucial in the host defense against viruses and bacteria. Unc-93 homolog B1 (UNC93B1) regulates the trafficking of nucleic acid-sensing TLRs from the endoplasmic reticulum to endolysosomes, where the TLRs encounter their respective ligands and become activated. In this article, we show that a carboxyl-terminal tyrosine-based sorting motif (YxxΦ) in UNC93B1 di...