Tire forces are the major forces propelling the road vehicles. They significantly affect the dynamic behavior of the vehicles. Estimation of the tire forces is essential in vehicle dynamics and control. This paper presents an observer-based scheme for estimation of the longitudinal tire force of electric vehicles in real time. The observer is based on a nonlinearity observer method. The pole-pl...

The characteristics of tire/road interaction noise are mainly determined by the tread pattern of a tire and it is known that the impact force at leading edge of tire is the main cause of the pattern noise. This study is concerned with the prediction of tire pattern noise: The procedure involves the measurement of the impact force at leading edge, the employment of Hertzian impact theory and lon...

In this paper, multi-objective uniform-diversity genetic algorithm (MUGA) with a diversity preserving mechanism called the -elimination algorithm is used for Pareto optimization of 5-degree of freedom vehicle vibration model considering the five conflicting functions simultaneously. The important conflicting objective functions that have been considered in this work are, namely, vertical accele...

A novel observer structure for vehicle side slip angle (β ) estimation is proposed, in which a local approximation of the nonlinear tire model is adopted. Fuzzy logic approach is adopted to combine the local observer models so as to deal with the nonlinear nature of vehicle dynamics. The derivation of observer’s state equations and the estimation mechanism is developed. By choosing the membersh...

Wide local excision of a lesion that encompasses several facial subunits including medial canthus, nasal sidewall, and cheek provides multiple aesthetic and reconstructive challenges to restore both orbital function as well as appearance. We report the first successful use of a chimeric upper eyelid--supraorbital flap to reconstruct a facial defect, secondary to a wide local excision of the low...

Although the outer surface of single-walled carbon nanotubes (atomically thin cylinders of carbon) can be involved in a wide range of chemical reactions, it is generally thought that the interior surface of nanotubes is unreactive. In this study, we show that in the presence of catalytically active atoms of rhenium inserted into nanotubes, the nanotube sidewall can be engaged in chemical reacti...

Focused ion beam (FIB) milling can be used as a tool to fabricate structures with sub-micrometer details. The slab material can be silicon, for example, which can then be used as a mould for nano-imprint lithography, or in silicon on insulator (SOI) layer configuration suitable for photonic applications. In the latter, additional effort has to be taken to prevent high FIB induced losses, due to...

Electron emission from the sidewall of a bent individual multiwall carbon nanotube (CNT) is reported. The CNT was synthesized using a catalytic chemical vapor deposition method and the focused-ion beam technique was used to fabricate the CNT-based electron emitter. With controlled ion bombardment, individual carbon nanotubes can be bent into loops with different radii. An external electric fiel...

An extension of the LuGre dynamic friction model from longitudinal motion to longitudinal/lateral motion is developed. Applying this model to the motion of a tire we derive a model for tire-road contact forces and moments. A comparison of the steadystate behaviour of the dynamic model with existing static tire friction models is also presented. This comparison allows one to determine the values...

INTRODUCTION Tire explosion injuries are rare, but they may result in a severe injury pattern. Case reports and statistics from injuries caused by exploded truck tires during servicing are established, but trauma from exploded small tires seems to be unknown. CASE PRESENTATION A 47-year-old german man inflated a wheelbarrow tire. The tire exploded during inflation and caused an open, multiple...