Laboratory experiments were used to explore the influence of spatial focusing and diffraction on the evolution of unsteady, three-dimensional, deep-water wave-packets with a constant-steepness spectrum. The wave-packets were generated by thirteen independently programmed paddles and evolved to breaking near the midpoint of a 4m x 11 m test section. Detailed measurements of surface displacements...

Benefits for fisheries from marine protected areas (MPAs) are expected from recruitment of exported eggs and larvae as well as from spillover of adults to adjacent fishing grounds. Because the recruitment effect is difficult to detect, spillover is presently the only tangible potential fishery benefit of MPAs. Despite abundant evidence of spillover in the literature, this is the first study to ...

A spherical wave measurement buoy capable of detecting breaking waves has been designed and built. The is 16 inches in diameter houses a 9 degree freedom inertial unit (IMU). orientation acceleration the continuously logged at frequencies up to 200 Hz providing high fidelity description motion as it impacted by waves. was deployed several times throughout winter 2013–2014. Both moored free-drif...

To date, Russian and foreign scientists engineers have accumulated considerable experience in designing sprinkler nozzles of various types used both on wide-reach machines when spilling lawns, gardens flower beds. In most cases, the choice design technological parameters was based experimental studies dependences obtained their basis for specific operating conditions, modes structures themselve...

Temperature regulates the rate of biogeochemical cycles. One way it does so is through control of microbial metabolism. Warming effects on metabolism change with time as physiology adjusts to the new temperature. I here propose that such thermal adaptation is observed in soil microbial respiration and growth, as the result of universal evolutionary trade-offs between the structure and function ...

Biomass formation represents one of the most basic aspects of bacterial metabolism. While there is an abundance of information concerning individual reactions that result in cell duplication, there has been surprisingly little information on the bioenergetics of growth. For many years, it was assumed that biomass production (anabolism) was proportional to the amount of ATP which could be derive...

This article explores the construction of offences as ‘accidental’ in police-suspect interactions. The data comprise audio-recorded investigative interviews, which were analysed using conversation analysis. In these suspects often do not explicitly state nature their defence when answering police officers’ questions; instead, suspects’ defensive practices or techniques are embedded narrative ac...