We consider the time evolution of a two level system (a two level atom or a qubit) and show that it is characterized by a local (in time) gauge invariant evolution equation. The covariant derivative operator is constructed and related to the free energy. We show that the gauge invariant characterization of the time evolution of the two level system is analogous to the birefringence phenomenon i...

A matrix model is constructed which describes a chiral version of the large N U(N) gauge theory on a two-dimensional sphere of area A. This theory has three separate phases. The large area phase describes the associated chiral string theory. An exact expression for the free energy in the large area phase is used to derive a remarkably simple formula for the number of topologically inequivalent ...

a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t This paper considers the intent inference problem in a video surveillance application involving person tracking. The video surveillance is carried out through a distributed network of cameras with large non-overlapping areas. The target dynamics are formulated using a novel grammar-modulated state space model. We identify and model trajectory shapes of inte...