in this study, the possible infection of thomson navel, moro blood sweet orange, page mandarin and webber pomelo with citrus viroids was investigated. biological indexing was performed by grafting on etrog citron (c. medica) and maintained in temperature-controlled greenhouse. after inoculation, rna was extracted by sds– potassium acetate method. detection of citrus viroids was done reverse tra...

cholera is an infection of the small intestines caused by the bacterium v. cholerae. it is a major cause of health threat and also a major cause of death worldwide and especially in developing countries. the major virulence factor produced by v. cholerae during infection is the cholera toxin. total mrna extraction and reverse transcription was performed for making ctxab cdna. relative real-time...

Retroviral nucleocapsid proteins harbor nucleic acid chaperoning activities that mostly rely on the N-terminal basic residues and the CCHC zinc finger motif. Such chaperoning is essential for virus replication, notably for genomic RNA selection and packaging in virions, and for reverse transcription of genomic RNA into DNA. Recent data revealed that HIV-1 nucleocapsid restricts reverse transcri...

background: prostate cancer is one of the most widespread cancers in men and is fundamentally a genetic disease. identifying regulators in cancer using novel systems biology approaches will potentially lead to new insight into this disease. it was sought to address this by inferring gene regulatory networks (grns). moreover, dynamical analysis of grns can explain how regulators change among dif...

Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection of mononuclear phagocytes has been implicated in disease manifestations, but postentry viral replication events in these cells have not been well characterized. Productive infection of activated T cells is associated with cell proliferation and accumulation of full-length viral DNA within 6 h. In infected, nondividing quiescent peripheral blood lymp...

Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection of mononuclear phagocytes has been implicated in disease manifestations, but postentry viral replication events in these cells have not been well characterized. Productive infection of activated T cells is associated with cell proliferation and accumulation of full-length viral DNA within 6 h. In infected, nondividing quiescent peripheral blood lymp...

Long terminal repeat (LTR)-containing retrotransposons and retroviruses are close relatives that possess similar mechanisms of reverse transcription. The particles of retroviruses package two copies of viral mRNA that both function as templates for the reverse transcription of the element. We studied the LTR-retrotransposon Tf1 of Schizosaccharomyces pombe to test whether multiple copies of tra...

RNA helicase A (RHA) has been shown to promote HIV-1 replication at both the translation and reverse transcription stages. A prerequisite step for reverse transcription involves the annealing of tRNA3 , the primer for reverse transcription, to HIV-1 RNA. tRNA3 Lys annealing is a multistep process that is initially facilitated by Gag prior to viral protein processing. Herein, we report that RHA ...

Aim: to investigate the effect of teichoic acid Staphylococcus aureus for expression pro-inflammatory cytokines and TLR4 in a human small cell lung carcinoma line NCI-H69, cisplatin resistant subline NCI-H69/CPR. Methods. Incubation cells with (1 ng/m) conducted 2 days. Expression level TLR4, TGF-β, INF-γ, TNF-α was evaluated by real time PCR on 7500 Real-Time System, using specific primers flu...