Rock tunnel construction is associated with considerable geotechnical uncertainty, often due to limited knowledge about the ground conditions. This warrants use of stringent risk management procedures reduce likelihood cost increases, delays, and structural failure events. The observational method promoted as a tool achieve cost-effective designs in cases large but its practical still limited. ...

In observational method projects in geotechnical engineering, the final design is decided upon during actual construction, depending on observed behavior of ground. Hence, engineers must be prepared to make crucial decisions promptly, with few available guidelines. this paper, we propose coupling numerical analysis machine learning (ML) algorithms for enhancing decision process projects. The pr...

The properties of a simple and natural notion of observational equivalence of algebras and the corresponding specification-building operation are studied. We begin with a defmition of observational equivalence which is adequate to handle reachable algebras only, and show how to extend it to cope with unreachable algebras and also how it may be generalised to make sense under an arbitrary instit...