Given a classical channel, a stochastic map from inputs to outputs, can we replace the input with a simple intermediate variable that still yields the correct conditional output distribution? We examine two cases: first, when the intermediate variable is classical; second, when the intermediate variable is quantum. We show that the quantum variable’s size is generically smaller than the classic...

In the first part of this review we introduce the basics theory behind geometric phases and emphasize their importance in quantum theory. The subject is presented in a general way so as to illustrate its wide applicability, but we also introduce a number of examples that will help the reader understand the basic issues involved. In the second part we show how to perform a universal quantum comp...

The role of molecular interactions in governing lipid mesophase organization is of fundamental interest and has technological implications. Herein, we describe an unusual pathway for monoolein/water reorganization from a bicontinuous mesophase to a discontinuous reverse micellar assembly, directed by the inclusion of polar macromolecules. This pathway is very different from those reported earli...

Insulating antiferromagnets offer a rich playground to explore novel quantum phases of matter. Triangular lattice s=1/2 antiferromagnets are of especial interest due to their reduced dimensionality, low spin, and frustrating interactions which all conspire to disrupt magnetic order, as found experimentally in several instances. The resulting “quantum disordered” phases are expected to have nove...

During development, the growth of the embryo must be coupled to its patterning to ensure correct and timely morphogenesis. In the mouse embryo, migration of the anterior visceral endoderm (AVE) to the prospective anterior establishes the anterior-posterior (A-P) axis. By analysing the distribution of cells in S phase, M phase and G2 from the time just prior to the migration of the AVE until 18 ...

Miklós Antal Werner,1 Arne Brataas,2 Felix von Oppen,3 and Gergely Zaránd1 1MTA-BME Exotic Quantum Phases “Momentum” Research Group Department of Theoretical Physics, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, 1111 Budapest, Budafoki út 8, Hungary 2Department of Physics, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, NO-7491 Trondheim, Norway 3Dahlem Center for Complex Quantum Systems an...

I present a pedagogical survey of a variety of quantum phases of the Hubbard model. The honeycomb lattice model has a conformal field theory connecting the semi-metal to the insulator with Néel order. States with fractionalized excitations are linked to the deconfined phases of gauge theories. I also consider the confining phases of such gauge theories, and show how Berry phases of monopoles in...

It is widely held that mammalian cells make a decision in the G1 phase of the division cycle either to proceed through the cell cycle or to di!erentiate and cease growth and division (Hass, 1994; Herwig & Strauss, 1997; Loyer et al., 1996; Rifkind et al., 1996; Sherr, 1995; Wiman, 1993; Zavitz & Zipursky, 1997). This belief was originally derived from the general observation that di!erentiated ...

Variational wave functions containing electronic pairing and suppressed charge fluctuations (i.e., projected BCS states) have been proposed as the paradigm for disordered magnetic systems (including spin liquids). Here we discuss the general properties of these states in one and two dimensions, and show that different quantum phases may be described with high accuracy by the same class of varia...

Z.-X. Gong,1,2,* M. F. Maghrebi,1,2 A. Hu,1,3 M. Foss-Feig,1,2 P. Richerme,1,4 C. Monroe,1,2 and A. V. Gorshkov1,2 1Joint Quantum Institute, NIST/University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA 2Joint Center for Quantum Information and Computer Science, NIST/University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA 3Department of Physics, American University, Washington, DC 20016, USA...