Isodon rugosus Wall. ex Benth. is extensively used as traditional medicine for the management of various types of pain including tooth ache, gastric pain, abdominal pain, ear ache, and generalized body pain. The current study is designed to scientifically verify the purported uses of I. rugosus as analgesic agent and to figure out its possible mechanism of action. Bioactive compounds responsibl...

The aim of this study was to investigate role of the N-Methyl-D-Aspartate (NMDA) receptors in the decrease of morphine analgesia in mice after nociceptive sensitization. We used a hot plate test to assess effects of morphine on pain behavior in male NMRI mice. All drugs were administered through an intraperitoneal route. Sensitization schedule composed of 3-days pre-treatment of morphine (20mg/...

Mice were pretreated either acutely or chronically with morphine to test the effect of such pretreatments on the antagonism by naloxone of morphine-induced respiratory depression and analgesia and to compare the development of tolerance to the two effects. A s.c. injection of 20 mg/kg of morphine 6 hr before testing produced a shift of the apparent pA2 of morphine-naloxone for analgesia from 7....

Tolerance to morphine analgesia is believed to result from a neuronal adaptation produced by continuous drug administration, although the precise mechanisms involved have yet to be established. Recently, we reported selective alterations in rat spinal calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) markers in morphine-tolerant animals. In fact, increases in CGRP-like immunostaining and decrements in spe...

results celecoxib reduced the pain behavior in both phases of the formalin test, but this antinociceptive effect was a dose-dependent manner in the late phase. rimonabant alone induced hyperalgesia as compared with the control group and pretreatment of rats with rimonabant reversed the analgesic activity of celecoxib. conclusions antinociceptive effect of celecoxib may be mediated partly throug...

Several variables have been reported to affect the expression of sex differences in the analgesic potency of morphine. Although the effect of genetic background on morphine analgesia has been well documented, the relevance of genotype to sex differences in morphine analgesia has rarely been considered. The present study investigated morphine dose-response relationships in male and female mice o...

We studied the acute tolerance liability of peripheral opioid analgesia in mice. The analgesia was assessed by the inhibition of bradykinin (BK)-induced nociceptive action by using a newly developed flexor reflex paradigm. Morphine [intraplantarly (i.pl.)] given ipsilaterally to BK showed a dose-dependent reduction of the BK (2 pmol) responses, whereas the administration of 10 nmol of morphine ...

objective: vitex agnus-castus (vac) and its essential oil have been traditionally used to treat many conditions and symptoms such as premenstrual problems, mastalgia, inflammation, sexual dysfunction, and pain. in this study, the effects of essential oil extracted from vitex agnus-castus (eovac) leaves were investigated in three behavioral models of nociception in adult male wistar rats. materi...