We argue that grammatical processing is a viable alternative to concept spotting for processing spoken input in a practical dialogue system. We discuss the structure of the grammar, the properties of the parser, and a method for achieving robustness. We discuss test results suggesting that grammatical processing allows fast and accurate processing of spoken input.

In this paper we discuss some issues in processing speech signals, especially for isolated utterances of characters of a language. For processing this speech signal we have no clues of higher level linguistic information such a s prosodics, lexical, syntax, and semantics. Any representation of signals in terms of fixed parameters for each short (10-20 msec) segment is not likely to provide the ...

We have replaced the input understanding component of CIRCSIM-Tutor, an intelligent tutoring system that engages the student in Socratic dialogue. Students type free-text answers to the computer’s questions. Even though the questions can be answered very simply, the variety of student responses prompted us to make the understanding component more robust. The new software also enables the tutor ...

The research reported herein was designed to assess whether the presence of noise elements in a visual display affects the detection of target letters at the perceptual or feature extraction level of processing, as well as at the decision level, and more specifically, whether (a) input or processing channels operate in an independent or interactive fashion and (b) how the spatial relation betwe...

There is growing interest in learners’ cognitive capacities to process a second language (L2) at first exposure to the target language. Evidence suggests that L2 learners are capable of processing novel words by exploiting phonological information from their first language (L1). Hearing adult learners of a sign language, however, cannot fall back on their L1 to process novel signs because the m...

In this paper intrusion detection systems (IDSs) are classified according to the techniques applied to processing input data. This process is complex because IDSs are highly coupled in actual implemented systems. Eleven input data processing techniques associated with intrusion detection systems are identified. They are then grouped into more abstract categories. Some approaches are artificiall...

The key idea behind this work is that of a weighted grammar. For simplicity we consider here only a special case of the more general de nition given in [Teitelbaum 73], which could lead to other interesting variations (e.g. probabilities as weights, using multiplication instead of addition as below). We de ne a weighted grammar as a Context-Free (CF) grammar with a numeric weight attached to ea...

It’s been nearly thirty years from Ken Thompson’s “Reflections on Trusting Trust” and its famous verdict that “You can’t trust code that you did not totally create yourself.” If there is one practical lesson that the Internet taught us since then, it is that one cannot even trust one’s own code so long as that code meets arbitrary inputs from the Internet. Sooner or later a mixture of bugs or f...

We present an approach to design of fault tolerant computing systems. In this paper, a technique is employed that enable the combination of several codes, in order to obtain flexibility in the design of error correcting codes. Code combining techniques are very effective, which one of these codes are turbo codes. The Algorithm-based fault tolerance techniques that to detect errors rely on the c...