The localization of acid hydrolases was examined in Chinese hamster ovary cells with defective mannose 6-phosphate receptors; these mutants had been shown to exhibit reduced uptake and altered binding of exogenously added acid hydrolase (Robbins, A. R., Myerowitz, R., Youle, R. J., Murray, G. J., and Neville, D. M., Jr. (1981) J. Biol. Chem. 256, 10618-10622). Cells were grown in the presence o...

Peritoneal macrophages were obtained from untreated mice and from mice treated with thioglycollate medium (TA), proteose peptone medium (PP), or a suspension of streptococcus A cell wall material (SA). The biochemical and secretory properties of these cells in long term cultures (up to 2 wk) were compared. TA-elicited macrophages contained more protein, lactate dehydrogenase, lysosomal hydrolas...

This short paper reviews two groups of enzymes designated as polyethylene terephthalate (PET) hydrolases: one consists thermophilic cutinases from microorganisms (actinomycetes and a fungus) the other mesophilic cutinases, representative which is IsPETase bacterium. From viewpoint that PET hydrolysis requires high temperature close to glass transition (65–70 °C in water) PET, are not suitable f...

The glycoside hydrolases (GH) of Caldicellulosiruptor bescii are thermophilic enzymes, and therefore they can hydrolyze plant cell wall polysaccharides at high temperatures. Analyses of two C. bescii glycoside hydrolases, CbCelA-TM1 and CbXyn10A with cellulase and endoxylanase activity, respectively, demonstrated that each enzyme is highly thermostable under static incubation at 70°C. Both enzy...

Phosphatases have been extensively studied in soil, as shown by some reviews (Ramirez-Martinez 1968; Speir and Ross 1978; Malcom 1983; Tabatabai 1994), because they catalyse the hydrolysis of ester–phosphate bonds, leading to the release of phosphate (P), which can be taken up by plants or microorganisms (Cosgrove 1967; Halstead and McKercher 1975; Quiquampoix and Mousain 2005). It has been sho...

Serine hydrolases represent one of the largest and most diverse families of enzymes in higher eukaryotes, comprising numerous proteases, lipases, esterases, and amidases. The activities of many serine hydrolases are tightly regulated by posttranslational mechanisms, limiting the suitability of standard genomics and proteomics methods for the functional characterization of these enzymes. To faci...

The lysosome, initially discovered by Christian de Duve in 1955, is an intracellular organelle responsible of the ordered degradation of proteins, glycoproteins, proteoglycans, lipids, and other macromolecules originated from autophagy, endocytosis and phagocytosis. It is characterize by a limiting external membrane containing intraluminal vesicles. These organelles are estimated to contain 50-...

Peptide hydrolases, catalyzing the hydrolysis of 13 dipeptides and 5 tripeptides into their respective amino acids, were studied in small intestinal mucosa and other tissues, in man and in the rat. Studies on the subcellular distribution of these enzymes showed enzyme activities in both the soluble and brush border fractions of the rat small intestinal mucosa, the former constituting 80-90% and...