objective: cigarette smoking is a highly addictive behavior and nicotine dependence is a well known model for drug dependence. it also acts as a gateway drug for the use of other illicit substances. in 1999, iran ministry of health and the national research center carried out a study which revealed that 11.9% of iranian population use cigarette. methods: the present study is a cross-sectional h...

background : the demonstration that adipose tissue produces numerous   cytokines increases interest of investigators in their role in the pathogenesis of obesity. resistin is one of those cytokines. there are conflicing reports as cigarette smoking impairs insulin secretion, augments insulin resistance, or has no effect on glucose metabolism. in our study, we intended to examine the relationshi...

conclusions despite relatively high prevalence of smoking than drug use in zahedan drivers, there are few reports of these behaviors. laboratory tests cannot suitably measure substance use due to their interference with other substances. considering adverse effects of smoking on health and driving, it is necessary to train drivers to reduce or stop smoking during driving. results generally, fou...

introduction: fasting during ramadan provides an opportunistic setting for smoking cessation intervention. smokers find it easy to cease smoking during ramadan due to the religion, cultural and environmental influences. this study aims to determine the changes in smoking behaviour during ramadan among malay muslim male students who were current smokers. methods: this is cross sectional study us...

BACKGROUND Extreme temperature is associated with adverse birth outcomes but it is unclear whether it increases early delivery risk. OBJECTIVES We aimed to determine the association between ambient temperature and early delivery. METHODS Medical records from 223,375 singleton deliveries from 12 U.S. sites were linked to local ambient temperature. Exposure to hot (> 90th percentile) or cold ...

introduction: hot flash affects approximately 75% of women with breast cancer. those who experience hot flashes have higher rates of sleep disorders, temper and lower quality of life than women with no hot flashes. the   persent   study   was aimed to compare the effect of megestrol acetate with gabapentin on the severity of hot flashes in patients with breast cancer materials and methods: in a...

BACKGROUND The rates of gastric cancer reported from Ardabil Province of Iran, are among the highest in the world. The aim of this study was to investigate the risk factors for gastric cancer in Ardabil Province. METHODS This case-control study was conducted on 128 adults with mean age of 56.5 ± 12.8 yr old in Ardebil City, Iran in 2010 - 2011. Forty-two people with gastric cancer and 86 heal...

Background: A high incidence rate of esophageal cancer has been observed in the Northern part of Afghanistan, particularly among those of Uzbek-Turkmen ethnicity. However, there is a paucity of published data from which to compare the prevalence of environmental risk factors for esophageal cancer between Uzbek-Turkmen and other ethnic groups. Thus, we investigated the prevalence of environmenta...

Abstract Background: Given the university students’ model role in the society and the importance of period of university education in selecting behavioral methods and lifestyles in the future have made it necessary to study the smoking pattern and its associated factors and complications among students. The aim of this study was to compare religious attitude and mental health between ...

INTRODUCTION Chronic diseases are increasing across the world. Examination of local geographic variation in chronic disease patterns can enable policy makers to identify inequalities in health outcomes and tailor effective interventions to communities at higher risk. Our study aimed to determine the geographic variation of obesity, cardiovascular disease (CVD), and type 2 diabetes, using genera...