During 29-31 January 2021 (austral summer), an extreme storm event triggered catastrophic debris flows in central Chile (33-36°S). At small and precarious rural settlements the commune of Malloa Chile, where by a hailstorm. Hail-debris flows, with hail volume concentration near 10%-20%, caused 200 injured individuals 73 damaged houses. In this study, hail-debris modelled using FLO2D. software, ...

Effects of three-body scattering on reflectivity signatures at S and C bands can be seen on the back side of large reflectivity storm cores that contain hail. The fingerlike protrusions of elevated reflectivity have been termed flare echoes or ‘‘hail spikes.’’ Three-body scattering occurs when radiation from the radar scattered toward the ground is scattered back to hydrometeors, which then sca...

This note updates a previous study that utilized a baseline climatology of soundings associated with large hail, significant tornadoes, and 10 or more cloud-to-ground lightning flashes from 1992. Expanding on the earlier analysis, it is shown that three modified forecast parameters have more value in distinguishing between environments that favor significant tornadoes and those that favor large...

The Provincial Government of Mendoza (Argentina), had protected the local crops from the hail damage during five seasons (1999-2004) by contracting an operational service. These operations consisted in silver iodide seeding (AgI) methodology by means of several aircrafts. The aircrafts were provided with meteorological instruments and probes, which allowed obtaining an important amount of data ...