BACKGROUND Early detection of breast cancer reduces breast cancer-related mortality. Breast cancer biomarkers offer a promising means of detecting this disease at the earliest and most treatable stages. PATIENTS AND METHODS The aim of this study was to generate a protein biomarker profile in tear fluid for breast cancer patients. This established biomarker profile was then used to discriminat...

When the government gives a grant to a private charitable organization, do the donors to that organization give less? If they do, is it because the grants crowd out donors who feel they gave through taxes (classic crowd out), or is it because the grant crowds out the fund-raising of the charities who, after getting the grant, reduce efforts of fund-raising (fund-raising crowd out)? This is the ...

How women su¤rage a¤ected the size of government is poorly understood. While aggregate data suggest that US states with su¤rage had higher expenditures than the ones without, individual data from elections describe women as more conservative during that period. This paper uses of a unique data set of issue votes to fully describe voter preferences and to directly estimate policy e¤ects. With su...

When the government gives a grant to a private charitable organization, do the donors to that organization give less? If they do, is it because the grants crowd out donors who feel they gave through taxes (classic crowd out), or is it because the grant crowds out the fund-raising of the charities who, after getting the grant, reduce efforts of fund-raising (fund-raising crowd out)? This is the ...

BACKGROUND High-throughput proteomic methods for disease biomarker discovery in human serum are promising, but concerns exist regarding reproducibility of results and variability introduced by sample handling. This study investigated the influence of different preanalytic handling methods on surface-enhanced laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (SELDI-TOF MS) protein pro...

Sun J, Li S, Liu S, Wu J, Weisel RD, Zhuo Y, Yau TM, Li R, Fazel SS. Improvement in cardiac function after bone marrow cell thearpy is associated with an increase in myocardial inflammation. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 296: H43–H50, 2009; doi:10.1152/ajpheart.00613.2008.—The mechanisms for the beneficial impact of bone marrow cell (BMC) therapy after myocardial infarction (MI) are ill defin...

Benzene is an important industrial chemical and environmental contaminant that causes leukemia. To obtain mechanistic insight into benzene's mechanism of action, we examined the impact of benzene on the human serum proteome in a study of exposed healthy shoe-factory workers and unexposed controls. Two sequential studies were performed, each using sera from 10 workers exposed to benzene (overall...

Prostate-specific antigen (PSA) and human prostatic glandular kallikrein (hK2) have 79% identity with the primary structure. When we used recombinant hK2 protein, only 7 of 23 monoclonal anti-PSA IgGs (monoclonal antibodies, MAbs) cross-reacted with hK2, which enabled us to design a novel immunofluorometric MAb-MAb assay for the specific detection of hK2. In the first incubation, an excess of M...

This paper discusses conceptual frameworks for measuring the effects of innovation policy and begins with applying conventional descriptive methods to explore how firms rate and rank the merits of public intervention. Based on survey data from some 1200 Austrian firms we then challenge the hypothetical survey question (“What would you have done if public support was denied?”) by comparing the r...