نتایج جستجو برای: generic drugs
تعداد نتایج: 296485 فیلتر نتایج به سال:
BACKGROUND Ranking of universities and institutions has attracted wide attention recently. Several systems have been proposed that attempt to rank academic institutions worldwide. METHODS We review the two most publicly visible ranking systems, the Shanghai Jiao Tong University 'Academic Ranking of World Universities' and the Times Higher Education Supplement 'World University Rankings' and a...
Most classical models for derivatives prices focus on prescribing the time evolution of the underlying stochastic factors. The prices of derivatives are then computed, for example, via the risk-neutral expectations. As markets developed and many derivative contracts became liquidly traded, it appeared necessary, in order to avoid creating arbitrage opportunities and to fully exploit the informa...
Generic drugs are bioequivalent to the original brand; this is a prerequisite for marketing approval. It is theoretically possible that one generic drug may overestimate the pharmacokinetic (PK) parameters of the original and another generic may underestimate these PK parameters; in consequence, these 2 generics may not be bioequivalent between themselves. The result could be loss of efficacy o...
Generic prescribing and generic substitution are mechanisms for reducing the cost of drugs. The purpose of this study was to assess the extent to which generic prescribing by private medical practitioners and generic substitution by private pharmacists is practised in South Africa and to estimate the potential savings from these two practices. Prescriptions from 10 pharmacists were collected on...
Recently, generic programming becomes of a major interest in several programming paradigms. A recurrent idea to achieve genericity is to abstract computations from their representative data structures. This allows these generic speciications to be instantiated onto a large number of neighboring data structures. Moreover the program can be adapted when the data structures have to evolve. Polytyp...
What?s in a name? A brand-name drug and its generic counterpart are chemically the same. They may have different names, colors, and shapes, but the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) requires generic drugs to share several similarities as the brand-name counterparts (more on this later). And, while there are some differences, generics don?t really change the effectiveness of the d...
Over the last decade, generic penetration in the U.S. pharmaceutical market has increased substantially, providing significant consumer surplus gains. What impact has this rise in generic penetration had on the rate and direction of early stage pharmaceutical innovation? We explore this question using novel data sources and an empirical framework that models the flow of early-stage pharmaceutic...
Generic statements (e.g., "Birds lay eggs") express generalizations about categories. In this paper, we hypothesized that there is a paradoxical asymmetry at the core of generic meaning, such that these sentences have extremely strong implications but require little evidence to be judged true. Four experiments confirmed the hypothesized asymmetry: Participants interpreted novel generics such as...
The analysis of the main characteristics of the pharmaceutical industry worldwide and market aspects of that industry in Brazil leads us to consider a high share of external dependency and oligopolization. This situation is not peculiar to our country, but is rather a global trend. Recent Government initiatives in Brazil, aiming at reducing that dependency, associated with the critical aspects ...
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