This review provides an update of the biological aspects of the genus Echinococcus and focuses on newly recognized endemic areas. Infection with the intermediate cystic stage of all species of Echinococcus causes disease and incapacity in animals and humans, and in the most serious cases, death of the host. Transmission of Echinococcus to new continents has occurred during European colonisation...

Emergence, a concept that first appeared in philosophy, has been widely explored in the domain of complex systems and is sometimes considered to be the key ingredient that makes “complex systems” “complex”. Our goal in this paper is to give a broad survey of emergence definitions, to extract a shared definition structure and to discuss some of the remaining issues. We do not know of any compara...

in most aquatic ecosystems mercury accumulates more in the sediment than in water column. however, due to limited eco-toxicological data, it is difficult to predict the toxicity of these sediments. the present study evaluated the effects of inorganic mercury in spiked sediment on the survival, growth, and emergence of the midge chironomus riparius and compared the results to mercury concentrati...