In recent years electronic commerce has grown rapidly as Internet and web technologies have progressed. Therefore, a secure and efficient payment system for general-purpose applications is undoubtedly becoming an important issue. Rivest and Shamir have proposed a micro-payment scheme which is user-specific and vendor-specific. However, in their scheme, it is required that the user generates a n...

The ubiquitous payment problems within construction industry of China are notoriously hard to be resolved, thus lead to a series of impacts to the industry chain. Among of them, the most direct result is affecting the normal operation of contractors negatively. A wealth of research has already discussed reasons of the payment problems by introducing a number of possible improvement strategies. ...

Introduction Over the past four to five years, the focus in casemix-based payment systems in the United States has shifted more and more towards "value-based-purchasing" and "payfor-performance" measures. The reporting of pre-set quality indicators is now fundamentally in place for both the inpatient prospective-payment system, based on Medicare-Severity Diagnosis Related Groups (MS-DRGs), and,...

Based on the report of the Central Social Insurance Medical Council concerning the 2002 Revision of the Medical Service Fee Schedule, a new inclusive payment system was introduced in 82 special functioning hospitals (university hospitals, National Cancer Center, National Cardiovascular Center) in Japan in April 2003. Beginning in April 2004, the system was gradually extended to general hospital...

This paper introduces a new credit card payment scheme called No Number Credit Card that can significantly reduce the possibility of credit card fraud. The proposed payment system is loosely based on Kerberos, a cryptographic framework that has stood the test of time. In No Number Credit Card, instead of card numbers, only payment tokens are exchanged between the customers and merchants. The to...

it has been tried to compare the “price payment method” in iranian law with “principles of international commercial contracts” and “convention on contracts for international sale of goods vienna, 1980” in this study. different law regulations in various countries should be unified in order to extend rapid and insured trusted law relations among the nations and people all over the world because ...

In the next years, the market for low value online content, like music and videos, is expected to grow substantially. To allow “pay-per-use” of such content, micropayment systems are expected to play an important role. Since there are already many competing micropayment systems on the market, customers and merchants are forced to use multiple systems. To overcome the problems associated with us...