Soybean is a rich source of protein and oil for humans. It forms symbiotic association with rhizobia to fix atmospheric nitrogen its growth development. Rhizobial type-III effectors act as important signaling molecules in symbiosis. However, they are poorly studied. In this study, mutation TtsI Sinorhizobium fredii HH103 reduced nodule numbers dry weights SN14 (cultivated soybean) ZYD00006 (wil...

Plants, unlike animals, lack specialized mobile immune cells, so they do not have an adaptive system. Instead, plants can launch specific, self-tolerant responses and establish memory. Plants possess defense mechanisms that efficiently detect ward off potentially dangerous microorganisms. These start with multiple signalling processes responsible for sensation, recognition, signal collection co...

Abstract Activated PI3K-delta syndrome (APDS) is a primary immunodeficiency caused by heterozygous activating mutations of PIK3CD, resulting in dysregulated immunity, recurrent infections and lymphoproliferation, yet underlying mechanisms behind these phenotypes remain unclear. Using patient samples Pik3cd E1020K/+mouse model, we evaluated CD8 cell function both vitro response to infectious age...

Abstract Background and aims Meloidogyne arenaria is an economically important root-knot nematode species. Successful plant infection by facilitated parasite effectors. This study aimed to characterize a candidate M. effector, indicate its molecular partners from maize, analyze role during infection. Material methods At first, we performed EST database mining find effector protein . The express...

Developing precise and efficient gene editing approaches using CRISPR in primary human T cell subsets would provide an effective tool decoding their functions. Toward this goal, we used lentiviral CRISPR/Cas9 systems to transduce cells stably express the Cas9 guide RNAs that targeted either coding or noncoding regions of genes interest. We showed multiple (*CD4*, *CD45*, *CD95*) could be simult...

Transcription activator-like (TAL) effectors are injected into host plant cells by Xanthomonas bacteria to function as transcriptional activators for the benefit of the pathogen. The DNA binding domain of TAL effectors is composed of conserved amino acid repeat structures containing repeat-variable diresidues (RVDs) that determine DNA binding specificity. In this paper, we present TALgetter, a ...

The root lesion nematode Pratylenchus penetrans is a migratory species that attacks broad range of crops. Like other plant pathogens, P. deploys battery secreted protein effectors to manipulate hosts and induce disease. Although several candidate have been identified, detailed mechanisms their functions particularly host targets remain largely unexplored. In this study, repertoire genes encodin...

Abstract In chronic infection and cancer, prolonged antigen exposure drives a state of T cell hyporesponsiveness, called exhaustion. A small subset TCF1 +progenitor exhausted stem-like cells (pTex) cells, is required to maintain (Tex) respond checkpoint blockade. Understanding mechanisms regulating these populations may help identify approaches counter Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase-d (PI3Kd) an...