This is of course impossible, but Gould’s thought experiment is a useful conceptual exercise which brings out key issues of determinism versus randomness in history. More broadly, it can be illuminating to ponder all kinds of implausible and radical scenarios, in effect bracketing the real world with visions of possible worlds. What would our world now be like if, at some time in the past, a ma...

Abstract The definition of society is tight with human group-level behavior. Group faultlines defined as hypothetical lines splitting groups into homogeneous subgroups based on members’ attributes have been proposed a theoretical method to identify conflicts within groups. For instance, crusades and women’s rights protests are the consequences strong in societies diverse cultures. Measuring pre...

The historiography of the crusade and reconquest in Iberian Peninsula, Portugal particular, dates from beginning twentieth century. Since 1920s, it has been assumed that was an output West due to so-called “Bull Crusade” given Portugal. “idea enhanced by Carl Erdmann 1930s 1940s. This interpretation endorsed very context which Kingdom emerged developed throughout twelfth thirteenth centuries. F...

Paper is a kind of historical sociology religions for philosophical understanding Al- Muhyiddin Arabi's research as lasting paradigm in dialogue religions. Mediterranean place where greatest number God's prophets were sent, and voice prophecy many from Adam to Khatam can still be heard that space. AL-Muhyiddin Arabi (1240), who started classical studies religions, originated Western presented h...

This article focuses on the narration of Haci Bektas in language Âşık (folk poet) and Zakirs (who commits memory) who are connected to dergâh (dervish lodge) with both sect skill. Veli was born raised Khorasan, received Khorasan skill Turkistan from Hodja Ahmet Yesevi. Yesevi reached Anatolia (it called Greek land at that time) via Azerbaijan, Iraq Syria his sign motto. He met saints (in Turkis...

The words "chorea" and "athetosis" have been used rather loosely in the literature to refer both to clinical symptoms and to disease entities. For this reason, and because of the fact that neither the disease nor the symptoms are understood, the great mass of material written on the subject has served chiefly to increase the confusion which now masks the problem. In this paper an attempt will b...

1 Introduction The emergence of cognitive science over the past thirty years has stimulated new approaches to traditional problems and materials in well-established disciplines. Those approaches have generated new insights and reinvigorated aspirations for theories in the sciences of the socio-cultural (about the structures and uses of symbols and the cognitive processes underlying them) that a...