Background: Informal payments can cause delayed access to health care services, forcing people to sell their properties for cost of treatment; and as a result, they lose trust in the health system. Considering the importance of this issue, this study was conducted in 2016 to identify solutions to reduce and eliminate informal payments in Iran’s health system.    Methods: Initia...

Abstract Reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation (REDD+) aims to maintain carbon stocks above benchmark reference levels through financial compensation. However, countries with high cover low (HFLD) are unlikely be compensated fairly if REDD+ initiatives fail conserve existing forests incentivize rates. Here we analyze the submissions of (FRLs) five HFLD [Democratic Republi...

A ccording to the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (2009), musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) accounted for 29% of the injuries and illnesses requiring a median of 10 days away from work in 2008, a percentage that has not varied greatly since 2005. In 2008, MSDs required a median of 10 days away from work. Injuries to the back accounted for 20.4% (or one-fifth) of all work-related injuries and ill...

Use objective data to compare the prevalence of Headaches/Migraines (HA/MIG), HA/MIG patients’ all-cause utilization short-and-long-term disability(STD-and-LTD, respectively) and workers' compensation (WC), explore changes over time. Retrospective analysis using WorkPartners Research Reference Database (RRDb) from 2001—2019. For each year, subjects with medical-claims for were identified based ...

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The European Union has set up a fund in order to compensate countries for damages resulting from Covid-19 that hit the economies an asymmetric way. We argue payments should be based only on relative damages, expressed as losses GDP, and any distribution mechanism implying are treated differently is discriminatory. Hence, we compute compensation if resources of spent according loss GDP. Finally,...