Chloroform (CHCl3) is used in industry and laboratory settings as a solvent for adhesives, pesticides, fats, oils and rubbers. It is also used as a chemical intermediate in the synthesis of fluorocarbon 22, dyes, pesticides, and tribromomethane. Chloroform is produced as a byproduct of water, sewage, and wood pulp chlorination (HSDB, 1995). In 1996, the latest year tabulated, the statewide mean...

There is growing public concern about pesticides’ non-target effects on humans and other organisms, and many pests have evolved resistance to some of the most commonly-used pesticides. Together, these factors have led to increasing interest in non-chemical, ecologicallysound ways to manage pests [1]. One pest-management alternative is the diversification of agricultural fields by establishing “...

In today's world, food security is an important issue. Food shortages push prices up, impacting upon the health and well-being of hundreds of millions of rural poor across the globe. One way to increase food security is to decrease the amount of yield lost to pests. This encyclopedia provides a comprehensive overview of the fight against pests, covering chemical pesticides, biocontrol agents an...

Pesticides are extensively world wide used for agriculture and for non-agricultural purposes. The major environmental concern of used pesticides is their ability to leach down to subsoil and contaminate the ground water, or, if they immobile, they could persist on the top soil and become harmful to microorganisms, plants, animal and people (Jha & Mishra 2005; Radivojević et al., 2008). Harmfull...

BACKGROUND Chemical analysis of surface water conducted in European countries indicates that pesticides are often detected in surface waters. This asks regulatory authorities to consider these monitoring data while re-evaluating pesticide approval and setting appropriate risk mitigation measures. During the years 2005-2012, the cantons in Switzerland performed 345,000 pesticide measurements in ...

In today's world, food security is an important issue. Food shortages push prices up, impacting upon the health and well-being of hundreds of millions of rural poor across the globe. One way to increase food security is to decrease the amount of yield lost to pests. This encyclopedia provides a comprehensive overview of the fight against pests, covering chemical pesticides, biocontrol agents an...

In today's world, food security is an important issue. Food shortages push prices up, impacting upon the health and well-being of hundreds of millions of rural poor across the globe. One way to increase food security is to decrease the amount of yield lost to pests. This encyclopedia provides a comprehensive overview of the fight against pests, covering chemical pesticides, biocontrol agents an...

Sediment from three Coldwater River, Mississippi backwaters was examined using 28 day Hyalella azteca bioassays and chemical analyses for 33 pesticides, seven metals and seven PCB mixtures. Hydrologic connectivity between the main river channel and backwater varied widely among the three sites. Mortality occurred in the most highly connected backwater while growth impairment occurred in the oth...

Agricultural production relies heavily on manmade chemicals used as fertilizers and pesticides, and to regulate plant growth. Pesticides are released intentionally into the environment to control insects, weeds, plant diseases and other pests that affect crop or animal production, as well as to control insects that spread human diseases. Pesticides have a well-established role in agriculture an...

Determination of carbamate pesticides such as carbaryl, carbofuran, propoxur and bendiocarb was demonstrated on a microchip with newly designed microchannels developed for efficient solvent extraction. The pesticides were hydrolyzed to corresponding naphthols, coupled with p-nitrobenzenediazonium fluoroborate reagent, and then extracted into 1-butanol as colored azo derivatives and detected wit...