armillaria root and crown rot is an important disease of woody plants including fruit, forest and ornamental trees in different regions. the disease is common in isfahan and causes economical losses on a broad range of fruit trees. there only a few tolerant varieties to disease, and there is no efficient method in controlling the disease. therefore, detection of the pathogen from soil is necess...

Since its first identification in Poland in 2006, the ascomycete Hymenoscyphus fraxineus has caused massive dieback of Fraxinus excelsior in the countries of eastern, northern and central Europe. This work shows the development, expansion, and severity of the disease in south-eastern Germany for a period of four years, starting in 2010. Differences between habitats, as well as age classes have ...

Transmission and propagation of mitochondrial genotypes in fungi have not been previously investigated in the field. This study examined the distribution of nuclear and mitochondrial genotypes in a natural, local population of the fungal (Basidiomycetes) root-rot pathogen, Armillaria. Six vegetative clones, ranging in size up to 635 m, were identified on the basis of mating-type alleles. Mitoch...

Confusion has surrounded the nomenclature and taxonomy of the genus Armillaria (Fr.:Fr.) Staude for over a century. Until recently, taxonomists have consistently disagreed on the exact description of the genus and its correct name according to the International Code of Botanical Nomenclature. This confusion has created uncertainty for taxonomists and plant pathologists, and has hindered the stu...

Armillaria root disease causes tree stress and mortality worldwide, including in conifer forests of western North America. Armillaria-induced is slower than other disturbances, such as fire, but persistent over time, therefore difficult to detect across large areas. Hence methods Armillaria-affected trees identify infested stands are great value forest managers. We used high-density light detec...

The Caribbean and North American species of the large, otherwise neotropical genus Grallipeza Rondani (Diptera: Micropezidae: Taeniapterinae) are revised and keyed. One species, G. nebulosa (Loew), is endemic to the southeastern United States and eighteen species are endemic to single Caribbean islands. Of these, the following nine are described as new: Grallipeza abeja, G. albiterga, G. cliffi...