Abstract Breath and breathlessness are flashpoints in medieval literary texts. Medieval medical theories, rooted classical thought, emphasise the bodily spirits particular, ways that motions of ‘vital spirit’—closely connected with breath—cause powerful physical responses write emotions on body sighs, swoons, even death. Physiological theory was complemented by theological notions pneuma , Spir...

David Bentley Hart has recently argued that universal salvation is a metaphysically necessary outcome of God’s act creating rational beings. A crucial premise Hart’s argument compatibilist view free will, according to which God can determine human choices without taking away their freedom. This constitutes common ground between and the tradition classical Thomism, emphasizes non-competitive rel...

Instead of arguing whether or not Sayyid ʿAlī Muḥammad Shīrāzī (the Bāb, 1819–1850) and his writings are Islamic, this paper suggests that they simultaneously Islamic post-Islamic. The Bāb’s Qayyūm al-asmāʾ, written at the outset Bābī movement in 1844, can be understood as a commentary on Quran, original divine revelation. Although Bāb gradually disclosed identity to public, status (associated ...

Abstract Paul’s speech to the Areopagus in Acts 17 places apostle philosophical dialogue with Stoics and Epicureans. This article identifies important points of contact between Middle Platonic exegesis a famous phrase from Timaeus 28c. There, philosopher declares that maker father world is hard find, even more difficult talk about. Many later interpreters Plato commented on dictum. Platonists s...

this article is the translation of another part of ayatollah ma’rifat’s writing in response to the misconception of the orientalists that “the old and the new testaments” have been the reference source of the qur’an and the qur’anic knowledge and content are adopted from these two scripture. making a comparison between the qur’an and the old and the new testaments in knowledge and doctrine, the...

this article is a study on the religious approach of pre-safavid iranian muslim miniaturists to female depiction based on quranic verses and other religious narratives. this article is to find the way of visual reflecting female admired qualifications based on islam view at original and novel miniatures. assuming that mentioned visual reflection is based on quranic and religious narratives or h...

aesthetics, nowadays, is regarded as a branch of philosophy which studies  beauty and art. this research is about aesthetics from mulla sadra's viewpoint. in the works of this philosopher, beauty in general means  possessing all the good properties. the special definition of beauty, which includes only sensible objects, is possessing the factors of order, good combination, moderation, and ...

reminding function (of innate knowledge) is one of the most important nonindependentfunctions of revelation. prophets and saints of god have employeddifferent approaches for realizing this function and duty of revelation.revealed texts, offering explanatory role (explaining the innate covenant, itscontent and characteristics), educational role (teaching religion, prayer andworship), motivationa...