Epilepsy, one of the most common chronic neurological disorders, is characterized by recurrent spontaneous seizures. Seizures result from many causes including genetic or developmental defects, traumatic brain injury, substance abuse, infection, fever, metabolic disturbances, withdrawal symptoms and space-occupying lesions in the brain. Memamphetarnine (METH), a schedule II drug, leads to seizu...

Kainate receptors containing the GluK1 subunit have an impact on excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmission in brain regions, such as the amygdala and hippocampus, which are relevant to seizures and epilepsy. Here we used 2-amino-3-(3-hydroxy-5-tert-butylisoxazol-4-yl) propanoic acid (ATPA), a potent and selective agonist of kainate receptors that include the GluK1 subunit, in conjunction with...

One group of male Wistar rats was kindled by electrical stimulation (ES) of the amygdala, one group was sham operated, while other rats were stimulated in the paleocortex of the cerebellum. The kindled generalized clonictonic seizures were followed by a net increase of the tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) content both in the cerebral cortex (from 34.7 +/- 6.0 to 76.7 +/- 6.9 pg/mg of wet...

asCP, the unique green fluorescent protein-like nonfluorescent chromoprotein from the sea anemone Anemonia sulcata, becomes fluorescent ("kindles") upon green light irradiation, with maximum emission at 595 nm. The kindled protein then relaxes to a nonfluorescent state or can be "quenched" instantly by blue light irradiation. In this work, we used asCP mutants to investigate the mechanism under...

ObjectiveEthical decisions about an allowance for animal experiments need to be based on scientifically sound information the burden and distress associated with experimental procedure models. Thereby, species differences considered recommendations regarding evidence-based severity assessment refinement measures.MethodsA comprehensive analysis of behavioral patterns corticosterone or its metabo...

Abbreviations: AD, after-discharge; ADD, AD duration; ADT, AD threshold; PS, primary site; PTE, positive transfer effect; SS, secondary site Kindling is the progression of behavioral and electrographical seizure induced by repeated activation of neural pathways with initial subclinical stimulations (Goddard et al., 1969). Once kindling is established, the kindling effect is sustained for a long...