The production of many new drugs requires that the active material first be dissolved in water and then freeze-dried or lyophilized in order to generate a compound which is easily ingested and which also has a pleasing or pharmaceutically elegant appearance. The lyophilization process involves cooling an aqueous formulation to subambient temperatures and then pulling a vacuum to drive off the f...

Optical control of nanoscale objects has recently developed into a thriving field of research with far-reaching promises for precision measurements, fundamental quantum physics and studies on single-particle thermodynamics. Here, we demonstrate the optical manipulation of silicon nanorods in high vacuum. Initially, we sculpture these particles into a silicon substrate with a tailored geometry t...

The evaporation rate of D2O has been determined by Raman thermometry of a droplet train (12–15μm diameter) injected into vacuum (∼10−5 torr). The cooling rate measured as a function of time in vacuum was fit to a model that accounts for temperature gradients between the surface and the core of the droplets, yielding an evaporation coefficient (γe) of 0.57±0.06. This is nearly identical to that ...

Air conditioning is an important part in building services world-wide in both commercial and residential buildings. With the general attempt to reduce the usage of fossil fuels and increase the usage of green solutions, the market for solar air conditioning is growing rapidly. Solar air conditioning combines solar thermal absorbers to transfer solar radiation into heat with heat-driven cooling ...

Knowledge of the solid state is of great importance in the development of a new active pharmaceutical ingredient, since the solid form often dictates the properties and performance of the drug. In the present study, solid state characteristics of the sodium salt of the candidate cholesterol reducing compound eritadenine, 2(R), 3(R)-dihydroxy-4-(9-adenyl)-butanoic acid, were investigated. The co...

In preparation for the heavy ion program of the LHC [1], accumulation and cooling tests with lead ion beams have been performed in the LEAR storage ring [2]. These tests have revealed that due to the unexpected, large outgassing of the vacuum system, the dynamic pressure of the ring could not be maintained low enough to reach the required beam intensities. To determine the actions necessary to ...

In this paper we focus on the first condition. Non-perturbative electroweak baryogenesis offers the intriguing possibility that topological features of the Standard Model might be (in part) responsible for baryon and lepton number violation in the early Universe [2, 3, 4, 5]. In this talk we argue that electroweak baryogenesis in the early Universe is accompanied by the formation of a “topologi...

Insulation reduces heat exchange between a body and the environment. Glabrous (nonhairy) skin surfaces (palms of the hands, soles of the feet, face, and ears) constitute a small percentage of total body surface area but contain specialized vascular structures that facilitate heat loss. We have previously reported that cooling the glabrous skin surfaces is effective in alleviating heat stress an...

Thermoelectric transport perpendicular to layers in multiple barrier superlattice structures is investigated theoretically in two limiting cases of no lateral momentum scattering and strong scattering. In the latter regime when lateral momentum is not conserved, the number of electrons participating in thermionic emission will dramatically increase. The cooling power density is calculated using...