. . Superconducting rf surface resistance measurements were made on oxidized Nb cavities that been warmed for a few minutes to temperatures between 250 and 300°C. Warmed oxide layers were further studied using x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, Auger electron spectroscopy and secondary electron emission yield measurements. Warming usually reduced the temperature-dependent (BCS) part of the surfa...

Many factors influence a vehicle’s rate of fuel consumption. Among them are engine efficiency, speed, aerodynamics, and rolling resistance. When it comes to the influence that pavement characteristics have on fuel consumption, one of the major contributors is surface roughness which impacts rolling resistance; more energy is required to propel a vehicle over a rough surface than over a smooth s...