The article aims at constructing protective composite shields for breasts in chest computed tomography and investigating the effects of applying these new bismuth composites on dose and image quality. Polyurethane and silicon with 5% of bismuth were fabricated as a protective shield. At first, their efficiency in attenuating the X-ray beam was investigated by calculating the total attenuation c...

Kilovoltage x-ray beams are used for the treatment of facial cancers when located on the patient's skin or subcutaneous tissue. This is of course due to the sharp depth dose characteristics of these beams delivering much lower doses at depth, than high energy x-ray beams. When treatment is performed, lead shields are often used within the nasal passage, or behind the lips and ears. These shield...

Two commercially available (EP, Z) and eight new elastomeric composites (M1-M4, G1-G4, of thickness ≈1 mm) containing mixtures of differing proportions of heavy metal additives (Bi, W, Gd and Sb) have been synthesised and examined as protective shields. The intensity of the X-ray fluorescence radiation generated in the typical elastomeric shields for CT, containing Bi and other heavy metal addi...

1. Zimmerman LE, Garron LK. Melanocytoma of the optic disc. Int Ophthalmol Clin. 1962;2: 431-440. 2. Joffe L, Shields JA, Osher RH, Gass JD. Clinical and follow-up studies of melanocytomas of the optic disc. Ophthalmology. 1979;86:10671083. 3. Spencer WH. XXXIV Edward Jackson Memorial Lecture: drusen of the optic disc and aberrant axoplasmic transport. Ophthalmology. 1978;85:21-38. 4. Osher RH,...

Introduction: Ionizing radiation can cause damage to biologically important DNA molecules. Radiation in nuclear medicine radiation exposes people working in from two main positions; administer in gradiopharmaceuticals (the barn and squeezing a generator, procurement, distribution and drug infusion) and patients that receive radiation treatment (patients that are prescribed a ra...

Introduction: Coronary angiography (CA) is an interventional diagnostic procedure to assess cardiovascular disease. CA is performed using dedicated fluoroscopic systems equipped with either flat detector or image intensifier. There is an increase in the number of CA annually. Reducing the radiation exposure in the CA is essential, especially due to high fluoroscopy time. In ord...

P rotecting groups have a long history in synthetic chemistry 1. A protecting group is covalently attached to one functional group to block its reactivity while a second functional group undergoes a chemical transformation, after which the protecting group is then removed (Fig. 1a). The use of protecting groups requires both protection and deprotection steps, so efficiency considerations dictat...