Introduction: Diagnostic reference level (DRL) is a useful tool for the promotion of optimization. The national DRLs (NDRLs) are useful, brief, and robust guidelines for optimizing radiation protection in a country. The aim of this study was to extract the local DRLs (LDRLs) for some common radiologic examination in Sabzevar county. Materials and Methods: There are eight radiology departments ...

Bone fusion has occurred repeatedly during skull evolution in all tetrapod lineages, leading to a reduction in the number of bones and an increase in their morphological complexity. The ontogeny of the human skull includes also bone fusions as part of its normal developmental process. However, several disruptions might cause premature closure of cranial sutures (craniosynostosis), reducing the ...

In treatment planning of Leksell Gamma Knife (LGK) radiosurgery, the skull geometry defined by generally dedicated scalar measurement has a crucial effect on dose calculation. The LGK Perfexion (PFX) unit is equipped with a cone-shaped collimator divided into eight sectors, and its configuration is entirely different from previous model C. Beam delivery on the PFX is made by a combination of ei...

This paper describes a hybrid model that includes both a standard finite element model and also volume-preserving structural modeling for a clinical application involving skull development in infants, with particular application to craniostosis modeling. To accommodate the growing brain, the skull needs to grow quickly in the first few months of life, and most of the growth of the skull at that...

The brain and skull represent a complex arrangement of integrated anatomical structures composed of various cell and tissue types that maintain structural and functional association throughout development. Morphological integration, a concept developed in vertebrate morphology and evolutionary biology, describes the coordinated variation of functionally and developmentally related traits of org...

Abstract Titanium cranioplasty is one of the well-established and widely used techniques in restoring skull defects for optimal protection to skull internal structures and reestablishing skull conformity. Nowadays, most centres utilise computer-assisted reconstruction for manufacture of titanium plates. In this paper we presented a method for making titanium cranioplasty plates using the 3D inn...

Intranasal meningoencephaloceles have historically been managed by neurosurgeons, although their main clinical manifestations are rhinological. Recent advances in endoscopic skull base surgery has significantly improved the treatment of these lesions and consequently diminished appreciable surgical morbidity. We report an ethmoidal meningoencephalocele case operated on by endonasal endoscopic a...

Acquisition and interpretation of equine skull radiographs is notoriously difficult. However, by dividing the skull into anatomic regions and considering the radiographic appearance of various pathologic changes that occur in these regions, the process of evaluation becomes simpler. This report aims to review acquisition of skull radiographs and radiographic appearance of various diseases in or...

Cerebral venous air embolism is sometimes caused by head trauma. One of the paths of air entry is considered a skull fracture. We report a case of cerebral venous air embolism following head trauma. The patient was a 55-year-old man who fell and hit his head. A head computed tomography (CT) scan showed the air in the superior sagittal sinus; however, no skull fractures were detected. Follow-up ...

Several cases with skull metastases hepatocellular carcinoma have so far been reported in the English literature. However, recurrent skull metastasis hepatocellular carcinoma at 2 month post operation after craniectomy and total tumor removal has never been published. We reported a 57-year-old Thai female presented with a recurrent enlarging painless left parieto-occipital skull mass after 2 mo...