PURPOSE Lipid suspensions as drug carriers, including conventional liposomes, ethosomes, transferosomes, proniosomes, niosomes, PEG-PPG-PEG niosomes and stratum corneum liposomes (cerosomes), were formulated and compared. METHODS Lipid vesicles were formulated and assessed with regards to enhancement of skin permeation of diclofenac and stability profiles of the formulations. Formulation-indu...

The success of transdermal drug delivery has been severely limited by the inability of most drugs to enter the skin at therapeutically useful rates. Recently, the use of micron-scale needles in increasing skin permeability has been proposed and shown to dramatically increase transdermal delivery, especially for macromolecules. Using the tools of the microelectronics industry, microneedles have ...

Poor skin permeability and stability limits the application of peptides to the skin. Enhanced skin permeation could offer new therapies for a range of dermatological and cosmetic applications. The aim of this study was to investigate the application of a novel magnetic field enhancement technology to peptide delivery across the skin. Ala-Trp was used as a model dipeptide. Stability of the dipep...

Calcium added to the solution bathing the outside of isolated frog skin caused a reversible decrease in net sodium transport across the skin. At constant sodium concentration, the inhibition of transport increased with increasing calcium concentration, but approached a limiting value. This maximum degree of inhibition was found to depend on sodium concentration; sodium transport could be inhibi...

The skin serves the vital function of providing a barrier between the hostile external environment and the host. While the skin has many important barrier functions, the two that are absolutely essential for survival are the barrier to the movement of water and electrolytes (permeability barrier) and the barrier against invasive and toxic microorganisms (antimicrobial barrier). Lipids play an e...

Microneedle rollers have been used to treat large areas of skin for cosmetic purposes and to increase skin permeability for drug delivery. In this study, we introduce a polymer microneedle roller fabricated by inclined rotational UV lithography, replicated by micromolding hydrophobic polylactic acid and hydrophilic carboxy-methyl-cellulose. These microneedles created micron-scale holes in human...

Investigation of the permeability of membranes is most important for biology. The complicated and variable permeability of biological membranes cannot be understood before the simpler conditions in artificial membranes of different qualities have been satisfactorily explained. After M. Traube in 1867 had developed the copper ferrocyanide membrane and Pfeffer published his investigations, the pr...

BACKGROUND Increased intestinal permeability has been reported in one study of adult asthmatics. AIM To determine whether children with asthma have altered intestinal permeability. METHODS Thirty two asthmatic children, and 32 sex and age matched controls were recruited. The dual sugar (lactulose and mannitol) test was used to evaluate intestinal permeability, and the percentage of ingested...

Tryptases are predominantly mast cell-specific serine proteases with pleiotropic biological activities and play a critical role in skin allergic reactions, which are manifested with rapid edema and increases of vascular permeability. The exact mechanisms of mast cell tryptase promoting vascular permeability, however, are unclear and, therefore, we investigated the effect and mechanism of trypta...

Achieving a desirable percutaneous absorption of drug molecule is a major concern in formulating dermatological products. The use of penetration enhancers could provide a successful mean for this purpose. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of incorporating a few common penetration enhancers (in different concentrations) into a 0.5% w/w piroxicam (model drug) gel formulation, on th...