the vehicle routing problem with simultaneous pickup and delivery (vrpspd) is a well-known combinatorial optimization problem which addresses provided service to a set of customers using a homogeneous fleet of capacitated vehicles. the objective is to minimize the distance traveled. the vrpspd is an np-hard combinatorial optimization problem. therefore, practical large-scale instances of vrpspd...

in the recent decade, special attention is paid to reverse logistic due to economic benefits of recovery and recycling of used products as well as environmental legislation and social concerns. on the other hand، many researches claim that separately and sequential planning of forward and reverse logistic causes sub-optimality. effective transport activities are also one of the most important c...

Subcutaneous injection is crucial for the treatment of many diseases. Especially regular or continuous injections, automated dosing beneficial. However, existing devices are large, uncomfortable, visible under clothing, interfere with physical activity. Thus, development small, energy efficient and reliable patch pumps implantable systems necessary research on microelectromechanical system (MEM...

Introduction: In order to study the alterations of beta 1 and 2 integrins mRNA level in rat lumbar spinal cord following the induction of chronic pain and its effect on the development of tolerance to morphine analgesia, we examined the level of expression of these genes in the presence of chronic pain, which is an inhibitor of morphine tolerance. We used induction of chronic pain alone and ...

In the present study, we investigated the effects of inhibition of the caudal ventrolateral medulla (CVLM) with the GABA(A) agonist muscimol combined with the blockade of glutamatergic mechanism in the nucleus of the solitary tract (NTS) with kynurenic acid (kyn) on mean arterial pressure (MAP), heart rate (HR), and regional vascular resistances. In male Holtzman rats anesthetized intravenously...

PURPOSE To determine the afferent pathways linking the anterior chamber (AC) of the eye to the secondary lymphoid organs. METHODS Single intracameral, subconjunctival, or intravenous injections and topical application on the conjunctiva of 3 muL (30 mug) of cascade-blue-labeled Dextran (CB-Dx) were performed in Lewis rats. In addition, bilateral intracameral injections (CB-Dx into the right A...