Polar Response Particles (PRPs) have been widely studied in the literature, discussing essence of their ambiguity polarity and (dis)agreement reading sys- tems (Pope 1976) what affects preference. In languages like English Farsi, which same particles satisfy both readings, PRPs are ambiguous response to negative initiatives (including questions assertions). on other hand, not only used assertiv...

This paper addresses the semantics of the present form (known as the -ru form) of activity verbs in Japanese and examines the effect of these verbs in contrast to that of the inflected form (the -ta form). Garden-path sentences involving an ambiguity between a simple sentential reading and a relative clause reading generally show a preference for the former reading; when the preferred reading p...

Article history: Available online 23 November 2011

So far the least growth rate known for a divergent inherent ambiguity function was logarithmic. This paper shows that for each computable divergent total non-decreasing function f : N → N there is a context-free language L with a divergent inherent ambiguity function g below f . This proves that extremely slow growing divergent inherent ambiguity functions exist. For instance there is a context...

Microaggressions are unintentional or thoughtless behaviors that convey negative messages to members of minority groups. Due to the attributional ambiguity of microaggressions, people often differ in their judgments about how morally bad acts of microaggression are. To account for this individual variation, we explored the potential influence of heavy social media use on individuals’ moral judg...

American Sign Language famously disambiguates pronoun antecedents with the use of space. In ASL, both referential and quantificational NPs can be signed at different locations (‘loci’) in the signing space. Pronouns can later retrieve these NPs by pointing at the same locus. Many analyses of ASL pronouns assume that these spatial loci are the overt realization of formal variables (Lillo-Martin ...

Consider the following choice problem, known as “Ellsberg’s three-color urn example”, or simply the “Ellsberg Paradox” (Ellsberg [7]). An urn contains 30 red balls, and 60 green and blue balls, in unspecified proportions; subjects are asked to compare (i) a bet on a red draw vs. a bet on a green draw, and (ii) a bet on a red or blue draw vs. a bet on a green or blue draw. If the subject wins a ...

Intelligent systems capable of automatically understanding natural language text are important for many artificial intelligence applications including mobile phone voice assistants, computer vision, and robotics. Understanding language often constitutes fitting new information into a previously acquired view of the world. However, many machine reading systems rely on the text alone to infer its...