Dynamic economic dispatch (DED) deals with the allocation of predicted load demand over a certain period time among thermal generating units at minimum fuel cost. The objective function DED becomes highly complex and nonlinear after considering various operating constraints like valve point loading, ramp rate limit, transmission loss, generation limits. In this study, sine-cosine algorithm has ...

We consider the risk of cascading failure of electric power transmission systems as overall loading is increased. There is evidence from both abstract and power systems models of cascading failure that there is a critical loading at which the risk of cascading failure sharply increases. Moreover, as expected in a phase transition, at the critical loading there is a power tail in the probability...

Tendons adapt to changes in mechanical loading, and numerous animal studies show that immobilization of a healing tendon is detrimental to the healing process. The present study addresses whether the effects of a few episodes of mechanical loading are different during different phases of healing. Fifty female rats underwent Achilles tendon transection, and their hind limbs were unloaded by tail...

We hypothesized that improved diaphragmatic neuromechanical coupling during inspiratory loading is not sufficient to prevent alveolar hypoventilation and task failure, and that the latter results primarily from central-output inhibition of the diaphragm and air hunger rather than contractile fatigue. Eighteen subjects underwent progressive inspiratory loading. By task failure all developed hype...

Introduction Understanding how mechanical loading affects cartilage is vital for understanding how osteoarthritis develops and how tissue engineered cartilage-scaffold constructs behave under conditions simulating in vivo cyclic loading. We have developed an in vitro dynamic loading chamber. In this report, development of chondrocyte apoptosis in unloaded and loaded bovine cartilage under these...

Skeletal integrity in humans and animals is maintained by daily mechanical loading. It has been widely accepted that osteocytes function as mechanosensors. Many biochemical signaling molecules are involved in the response of osteocytes to mechanical stimulation. The aim of this study was to identify genes involved in the translation of mechanical stimuli into bone formation. The four-point bend...

Mechanical properties of electrorheological uids under various dynamical loading conditions have been studied using a computer simulation model. The model assumes electrostatic point-dipole interaction between particles with or without multipolar corrections and the interaction with the base uid due to viscous laminar ow is described with Stokes drag. The mechanical loading is introduced as con...

In AC-DC power conversion, active front end rectifiers offer several advantages over diode rectifiers such as bidirectional power flow capability, sinusoidal input currents and controllable power factor. A digital finite control set model predictive controller based on fixed-point computations of an active front end rectifier with unity displacement of input voltage and current to improve dynam...

In this paper, we present a proof-of-concept, fixed-point, DSP hardware implementation of an adaptive bit loading algorithm that is designed for wireless multicarrier transceivers. Adaptive bit loading is used to enhance the performance of multicarrier transceivers by tailoring the subcarrier signal constellations to the channel conditions, which can vary across the subcarriers. Since most bit ...