Two-dimensional (2D) spectroscopy is a powerful technique to study nuclear and electronic correlations between different transitions or initial and final states. Here we describe in detail our development of inherently phase-stabilized 2D Fourier-transform spectroscopy for electronic transitions. A diffractive-optic setup is used to realize heterodyne-detected femtosecond four-wave mixing in a ...

Poly(methylene blue) modi®ed electrodes have been prepared by potential cycling from aqueous electrolyte solution containing methylene blue on glassy carbon substrates. They have been used successfully for the determination of haemoglobin via its electrooxidation at ®xed potential using the batch injection analysis technique in which whole blood samples diluted with phosphate or acetate buffer ...

By using cyclodextrin (α-CD) self-assembly into a hydrogel with the triblock copolymer Pluronic F127, nanomicrocrystalline cellulose was introduced into a gel system to form a composite CNC-β-CD/α-CD/Pluronic F127 hydrogel (CCH). CCH was modified further by grafting acrylic acid to form a novel acrylated composite hydrogel (ACH). The swelling degree of ACH was 156 g/g. Adsorption isotherms show...

A survey of recent patentees was conducted to elicit their perceptions regarding the importance of their inventions, the extent of their communication with other inventors, and the relationship of both importance and communication to observed patent citations. A cohort of 1993 patentees were asked specifically about 2 patents that they had cited, and a third “placebo” patent that was similar bu...

Mercuric bromphenol blue, which has been used to visualize protein spots on filter paper, was studied with respect to its suitability as a quantitative cytochemical stain for tissue sections. The stain permits sharp visual differentiation of structural details and it follows the Beer-Lambert laws and can be used for microphotometry. It reacts with various sites in proteins, to the extent of abo...

Removal of Methylene Blue (MB) and Crystal Violet (CV) dyes from monocomponent and binary aqueous solutions by water hyacinth-E. Crassipes roots fixed on alginate (a low-cost adsorbent) has been investigated. The extent of adsorption was evaluated as a function of solution pH, initial dye concentration, and bead biomass loading. Kinetic sorption data were analysed by widely used models: pseudo-...

Patent law is implicitly, and sometimes explicitly, based upon a story of patent infringement in which technology users are presumed to be able to discover relevant patents in advance and either design around them or negotiate patent licenses before using the patented technology. That story does not hold true in many fields today, in which the number and widespread ownership of potentially rele...

This article fills a gap in the literature by conducting a comprehensive analysis of patent infringement in the context of follow-on biologics. Patent infringement is an important topic because, like small molecule generic drugs, follow-on biologics are likely to begin their life facing infringement suits. Because it is tremendously expensive to develop a follow-on biologic, it is vital that th...

Recent years have seen an increasing number of patent disputes due to excessive competition in the global market and a reduced technology life-cycle; this has increased the risk of investment in technology development. While many global companies have started developing a methodology to identify promising technologies and assess for decisions, the existing methodology still has some limitations...

S | 147 A Relevant Intent Theory of Patents Saurabh Vishnubhakat Postdoctoral Associate, Duke University School of Law Durham, NC This article challenges the axiom of U.S. patent law that direct patent infringement is a strict liability tort. Even among critics of the strict liability conception in certain patent contexts, the consensus view of direct infringement remains that impermissibly pra...