In rural Tanzania, recent major influences happen between Kiswahili and English to ethnic languages rather than ethnic languages, which had been in contact for so long, influencing each other. In this work, I report the results of investigation of lexical changes in indigenous languages that aimed at examining how ethnic communities and their languages, namely Cushitic Iraqw, Nilotic Datooga, N...

Alice Chik, City University of Hong Kong The relationship between digital game play and second language (L2) learning is a particularly tricky issue in East Asia. Though there is an emerging presence of Chinese online games, many more young people are playing the Englishor Japanese-language versions of the most popular commercial off-the-shelf (COTS) video games. In other words, most Chinese ga...

The presence of a large number of unique shapes called ligatures in cursive languages, along with variations due to scaling, orientation and location provides one of the most challenging pattern recognition problems. Recognition of the large number of ligatures is often a complicated task in oriental languages such as Pashto, Urdu, Persian and Arabic. Research on cursive script recognition ofte...

Background: This review summarizes several epidemiological studies of multiple sclerosis (MS) in Russia. Methods: The Authors selected the most well-organized population-based studies of MS prevalence and incidence in the huge territory of Russia. These studies were mostly published in Russian language and were unknown to international readers. Results: In the majority of Russian territories MS...

An algorithm for word recognition in Oriental languages such as Chinese, Japanese, and Korean is presented. The objective is to recognize words. that are composed of a number of consecutive characters. in document images where there are no explicit visually defined word boundaries. The technique exploits the redundancy in these languages that is expressed by the difference between the number of...

Nomadic populations have played a significant role in the history of not only China but also in many nations worldwide. Because they had no written language, an important aspect in the study of these people is the discovery of their tombs. It has been generally accepted that Xiongnu was the first empire created by nomadic tribe in the 3rd century B.C. However, little population genetic informat...

Techniques in processing text files “as is” are presented, in which given text files are processed without modification. The compressed pattern matching problem, first defined by Amir and Benson (1992), is a good example of the “as-is” principle. Another example is string matching over multi-byte character texts, which is a significant problem common to oriental languages such as Japanese, Kore...

An oriental medical diagnosis is featured by inferring hidden causal factors of diseases from observed symptoms. This paper introduces a computer aided diagnosis in help of a linear independent factor model that interprets the observed symptoms as generated from hidden independent causes in term of discrete variables. The model is computed by algorithms obtained from the BYY harmony learning. K...

Many lessons can be learned from relevant research in vocabularyand language-learning strategy training as well as from comparative studies of those learning Oriental languages, which could greatly help language teachers and learners in Kanji-background countries. This article contrasts the minimal threshold levels of vocabulary needed for reading common English text, versus that required for r...