Gracilis free muscle transfer (GFMT) is considered the gold standard in dynamic smile reanimation patients with long-standing facial paralysis. There are multiple motor nerves head and neck that can be used to provide innervation GFMT, either alone or combination. In this article, we review literature about these donor nerve options discuss their advantages disadvantages terms of excursion, spo...

Objective(s): When the nerve is injured near its entrance to the muscle belly, we cannot perform conventional methods. One useful method in such a situation is neurotization surgery. In this study, Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) implanted into the paralyzed muscle after neurotization surgery. These cells can stimulate axon growth and motor endplate formation, also prevent muscle atr...

A nerve clamp electrode was developed to indirectly stimulate skeletal muscle innervated by α motor neurons as an alternative to conventional electrodes. The stimulating electrode device consists of a spring coil-activated nerve clamp mounted inside a 1-mL syringe barrel. Supramaximal pulses were generated by a Grass stimulator and delivered to the nerve segment via the nerve clamp electrode. T...

Isolated paralysis of the serratus anterior is an entity that should be more widely understood. Early recognition, followed by treatment that is comparatively simple, although prolonged, usually leads to a satisfactory outcome. The purpose of this paper is to present information pertaining to the clinical picture, anatomy, etiology, and treatment of the condition and to discuss our experience w...

Herpes zoster or Shingles, an inflammatory viral disease caused by varicella has classical clinical presentation with herpetic morphological pattern exhibited along one or more dermatomes. The self limiting skin disease is accompanied by pain and burning sensations leading to post herpetic neuralgia. The sensory component of the disease is so prominent that the motor involvement is often overlo...