Background. Training muscle capacities in hypoxic conditions increases some manifestations, such as hypertrophy and strength, due to a change the phenotype result of activation hypoxia-inducible factors (HIF). Despite proven benefits resistance training that allow conjecture regarding effectiveness facilitating muscular different populations, there is still controversy difference between hypoxi...

Peripheral nerve hyperexcitability is a rare disorder characterized by spontaneous motor unit activity. Although peripheral seen in multiple immune-mediated neurological conditions, an association with dermatomyositis has rarely been reported. We present 65-year-old woman serological and muscle biopsy features of who also developed marked hypertrophy, stiffness, delayed relaxation along electro...

RATIONALE The adult heart is composed primarily of terminally differentiated, mature cardiomyocytes that express signature genes related to contraction. In response to mechanical or pathological stress, the heart undergoes hypertrophic growth, a process defined as an increase in cardiomyocyte cell size without an increase in cell number. However, the molecular mechanism of cardiac hypertrophy i...

Despite our understanding that medial smooth muscle hypertrophy is a central feature of vascular remodeling, the molecular pathways underlying this pathology are still not well understood. Work over the past decade has illustrated a potential role for the multifunctional calmodulin-dependent kinase CaMKII in smooth muscle cell contraction, growth, and migration. Here we demonstrate that CaMKII ...

• duchenne muscular dystrophy o onset 3 to 5 yrs o clinical § weakness o distribution § proximal > distal § symmetric § legs & arms § most involved muscles: adductor magnus in legs § relatively spared muscles: gracilis & sartorius o course § reduced motor function by 2 to 3 years § steady decline in strength: after 6 to 11 years o gowers sign: standing up with the aid of hands pushing on knees ...

Background: Use of botulinum toxin is becoming a popular way in treatment of some forms of strabismus.To evaluate the morphological changes in the orbital surface layer muscles of the rabbit eye following a single injection of botulinum toxin. Methods: 10 white Dutch rabbits weighing 2–3 kg received either 10 units (group 1; n=5) or 20 units (group 2; n=5) of botulinum toxin into the superior r...

Denervation of muscle usually leads to muscle atrophy with fatty replacement but, uncommonly, also results in muscle hypertrophy or pseudohypertrophy with fatty replacement. We report the ultrasonographic and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings of a patient with diffuse fatty infiltration of calf muscles as a result of denervation pseudohypertrophy. The elevated fasting glucose, neurogeni...

In the left ventriculogram in the right anterior oblique projection the plane of the mitral valve is seen in profile and the papillary muscle shadows are outlined. The distance from the middle of the papillary muscles to the plane of the mitral valve during systole was used to assess the average length of the chordae tendineae, and the area of the papillary muscle shadows was measured as an ind...

The mythological story of the association of lifting maximal amount of weight and muscle mass gain during resistance training has been perpetuated for a very long time. Passed on from gym meatheads, athletes, to coaches, moms, dads, even children can identify and promote this after watching a Saturday morning Incredible Hulk cartoon. Big muscles are made by lifting big weights, right? Not neces...