The use of expenditure needs, sometimes referred to as “expenditure norms”, “budgetary norms”, or “minimum standards”, is important in the formulation of budgets and, especially, in the establishment of transfer and grant formulae. Minimum standards are also used by central governments to control expenditure policies of subnational governments, often with the goal of protecting and enhancing na...

OBJECTIVES This study investigate the effect of health information technology (IT) expenditure on individual patient-level cost using California Office of Statewide Health Planning and Development (OSHPD) data obtained from 2000 to 2007. METHODS We used a traditional cost function and applied hospital fixed effect and clustered error within hospitals. RESULTS We found that a quadratic funct...

BACKGROUND In ageing populations, informal care holds great potential to limit rising health care expenditure. The majority of informal care is delivered by spouses. The loss of informal care due to the death of the spouse could therefore increase expenditure levels for formal care. OBJECTIVE To investigate the impact of the death of the spouse on health care expenditure by older people throu...

OBJECTIVE To assess the degree to which the Chinese people are protected from catastrophic household expenditure and impoverishment from medical expenses and to explore the health system and structural factors influencing the first of these outcomes. METHODS Data were derived from the Fourth National Health Service Survey. An analysis of catastrophic health expenditure and impoverishment from...

background: energy expenditure is of paramount importance in the assessment of usefulness of wheelchair for paraplegics. despite widespread recognition of problems associated with currently available mobility systems for persons with spinal cord injuries, development of more efficient systems has been slow.  lack of a suitable and simple technique for the assessment of energy expenditure in par...

Investment in R&D encourages innovation, which in turn, spurs economic growth. This paper presents a model to test whether that the number of patent applications is dependent on R&D expenditure, especially R&D expenditure in the business sector. This paper shows: 1) that a strong positive correlation exists between R&D expenditure and patent applications, 2) that R&D investment creates patent a...

OBJECTIVE Tanzania has a policy of free provision of inpatient care for young children in order to promote timely access and thus reduce the current levels of mortality. However, little is known about out-of-pocket costs that may be incurred by families in seeking care for sick children. We conducted this study to identify the magnitude of these costs in relation to family income. METHODS Fiv...

1. Our objectives were to measure total energy expenditure, the daily variation in total energy expenditure and the physical activity level in a group of HIV-positive subjects using the bicarbonate-urea method. The study also aimed to asses the practicalities of using the bicarbonate-urea technique in free-living conditions. 2. Total energy expenditure was measured with the bicarbonate-urea met...

Experimental Tests of Survey Responses to Expenditure Questions This paper tests for a number of survey effects in the elicitation of expenditure items. In particular we examine the extent to which individuals use features of the expenditure question to construct their answers. We test whether respondents interpret question wording as researchers intend and examine the extent to which prompts, ...

background: in this article, we used a panel smooth transition regression model to estimate the relationship between health expenditure and income. this approach is employed to continuously model changing parameters among countries and during time. it is thus suitable for eliminating heterogeneity among countries and the variability of the relationship between gross domestic product (gdp) and h...