aim : assessment of short term changes in portal blood flow and long term changes in liver functions in cirrhotic patients who chose to fast during the month of ramadan in summer. background : during ramadan, healthy muslims obligated to fast from predawn to sunset. patients and methods : forty cirrhotic patients intended to fast during the month of ramadan in the year 2014, were examined by co...

In the present deregulated electricity market, power system congestion is main complication that an independent operator (ISO) faces on a regular basis. Transmission line trigger serious problems for smooth functioning in restructured causing increase cost of transmission hence affecting market efficiency. Thus, it utmost importance investigation various techniques order to relieve network. Gen...

---------------------------------------------------------------------***--------------------------------------------------------------------Abstract In restructured electricity markets, an effective transmission pricing method is required to address transmission issues and to generate correct economic signals to reduce the generation cost. It is necessary to develop an appropriate pricing schem...

An embedding ƒ of a guest graph G, into a host graph H, is a one-to-one mapping from each node i in G to a unique node f (i) in H, andfrom each edge(i,j) in G to a path in H starting at node f (i) and ending at node f '(ƒ). The congestion of f is the maximum number of times any edge of H is used by edges of G. The minimum congestion, over all embeddings, is called the congestion of G into H, an...

Proposed in this paper is a new approach for VLSI interconnect global routing that can optimize both congestion and delay, which are often competing objectives. The authors’ approach provides a general framework that may use any single-net routing algorithm and any delay model in global routing. It is based on the observation that there are several routing topology flexibilities that can be exp...

Congestion remains a major challenge to telecommunications service provision both to the service providers as well as the subscribers. We attempted to determine the causes of congestion and evaluated congestion control mechanisms adopted by service providers in Nigeria using MTN Nigeria as a case study. A survey research design methodology using stratified random sampling technique was employed...

Congestion and overloading for lines are the main problems in the exploitation of power grids. The consequences of these problems in deregulated systems can be mentioned as sudden jumps in prices in some parts of the power system, lead to an increase in market power and reduction of competition in it. FACTS devices are efficient, powerful and economical tools in controlling power flows through ...

In this paper a day-ahead planning algorithm for a multi-reservoir hydropower system coordinated with wind power is developed. Coordination applies to real situations, where wind power and hydropower are owned by different utilities, sharing the same transmission lines, though hydropower has priority for transmission capacity. Coordination is thus necessary to minimize wind energy curtailments ...

The electric transmission networks are pushed more and more towards their limits. Even in highly meshed networks like in Europe this leads to congestions which in turn can produce significant price differences between the areas around these congestions. Another – maybe more visible – problem with congested networks are security concerns. Recent events, e.g. the italian blackout on September 28 ...