Anti-predator responses by ungulates can be based on habitat features or on the near-imminent threat of predators. In dense forest, cues that ungulates use to assess predation risk likely differ from half-open landscapes, as scent relative to sight is predicted to be more important. We studied, in the Białowieża Primeval Forest (Poland), whether perceived predation risk in red deer (Cervus elap...

(a) (b) Figure 8: The nal set of directions from that covers G S in thick gray lines. Two views are provided with (a) presents the regular view of Figures 5 to 7 and (b) shows the entire Gauss map. See also Figure 1. (a) (b) Figure 6: The boundary and central silhouettes of G S in thick dark gray lines is projected onto the plane z = 1 in thick light gray lines, in (a). In (b), The convex hull ...

Accurate estimates of recombination rates are of great importance for understanding evolution. In an experimental genetic cross, recombination breaks apart and rejoins genetic material, such that the genomes of the resulting isolates are comprised of distinct blocks of differing parental origin. We here describe a method exploiting this fact to infer genome-wide recombination profiles from sequ...

Stationary targets can fade perceptually during steady visual fixation, a phenomenon known as Troxler fading. Recent research found that microsaccades-small, involuntary saccades produced during attempted fixation-can restore the visibility of faded targets, both in the visual periphery and in the fovea. Because the targets tested previously extended beyond the foveal area, however, the ability...

Partitioning of ecological niche is expected in lekking species that show marked sexual size dimorphism as a consequence of sex-specific ecological constraints. However, niche partitioning is uncertain in species with moderate sexual dimorphism. In addition, the ecological niche of a species may also be affected by landscape composition; particularly, agricultural fragmentation may greatly infl...

Given a simple polygon P in the plane, we present new algorithms and data structures for computing the weak visibility polygon from any query line segment in P . We build a data structure in O(n) time and O(n) space that can compute the visibility polygon for any query line segment s in O(k log n) time, where k is the size of the visibility polygon of s and n is the number of vertices of P . Al...

Unit square (grid) visibility graphs (USV and USGV, resp.) are described by axisparallel visibility between unit squares placed (on integer grid coordinates) in the plane. We investigate combinatorial properties of these graph classes and the hardness of variants of the recognition problem, i. e., the problem of representing USGV with fixed visibilities within small area and, for USV, the gener...

We analyze how to efficiently maintain and update the visibility polygons for a segment observer moving in a polygonal domain. The space and time requirements for preprocessing are O(n) and after preprocessing, visibility change events for weak and strong visibility can be handled in O(log |VP|) and O(log(|VP1| + |VP2|)) respectively, or O(log n) in which |VP| is the size of the line segment’s ...

conclusions it seems that considering the clinical examination of patients before sa focusing on lumbar spinous process status, presence of lumbar deformity, calculation of bmi and radiological signs of lumbar vertebrae can be helpful in predicting sa difficulty. results hundred and one patients were enrolled. of these patients, 50 (49.5%) underwent sa by the first attempt of the first space, i...

Abstract Tropical forest hotspots have a high diversity of species but lost > 70% their original vegetation cover and are characterized by multitude small isolated fragments. Paradoxically, conservation actions in these areas still mainly focused on protection large tracts forests, strategy now infeasible because the area remnants. Here we use Vulnerable black-handed titi monkey Callicebus m...