This study evaluates the effects of Sargassum pallidum polysaccharides (SPP) on the immune responses in a chicken model. The adjuvanticity of Sargassum pallidum polysaccharides in Newcastle disease (ND), infectious bronchitis (IB) and avian influenza (AI) was investigated by examining the antibody titers and lymphocyte proliferation following immunization in chickens. The chickens were administ...

The vaccination of pigs with inactivated antigen requires adjuvanted vaccines. In general, two kinds of adjuvant are used to enhance the immunogenic properties of an antigen: aluminium salts or oil-based formulas [1, 9]. Aluminium salts often fail to induce a long-term response or a cellular immune response [7]. Emulsified vaccines are frequently used in pigs as they induce a long-lasting immun...

Inactivated influenza virus vaccines (IVVs) are used for prevention of influenza and its complications. Present vaccines are immunogenic, of low reactogenicity, and protective, but protection has varied between 0% and 100%. Increasing the dose of hemagglutinin and neuraminidase antigens with purified proteins significantly increased serum and nasal antibody responses; however, trials with newer...

To study the immunokinetics of equine herpesvirus 1 (EHV1), donkey mares were immunised with a laboratory strain of EHV1, or with recommended doses of Pneumabort-K vaccine (EHV1 Army 183 strain, formalin-inactivated, with an oil adjuvant) and a booster was given after three months. Humoral immune responses were studied by employing a virus neutralisation (VN) test. A leucocyte migration inhibit...

Pasteurella multocida (Robert type-1) was grown on tryptose sucrose yeast (TSY) broth in a fermenter. A sterilised air was provided that potentiated the density of the culture (5 x 10 organisms/ml). The culture was inactivated with formalin (0.5% ). The alum precipitated and oil based haemorrhagic septicaemia vaccines (APHSV and OBHSV) were prepared and their efficacies were evaluated in rabbit...

Seasonal influenza causes clinical illness and hospitalization in all age groups; however, conventional inactivated vaccines have only limited efficacy in young children. MF59(®), an oil-in-water emulsion adjuvant, has been used since the 1990s to enhance the immunogenicity of influenza vaccines in the elderly, a population with waning immune function due to immunosenescence. Clinical trials no...

Inactivated oil-adjuvanted vaccines for ND, IB, and IC serotypes A and C (OILVAX NB2AC) have been marketed from 1993. In the outdoors, various inoculation sites have been used in chickens because to make the inoculation procedure easier. We examined whether differences would be obtained in the antibody response according to the inoculation sites; the subcutaneous inoculation into the back of th...