Background: hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis plays an important role in the pathogenesis of depression. Patterns HPA functioning depend on both biologic factors and psychological background, which, taken together, may increase risk depression later on. Objective: to analyze scientific publications pathophysiology depression, linked disruption, assess causal relationship between hypercor...

gamma aminobutyrate (gaba) is a non-protein amino acid that is thought to play an important role in the modulation of the central response to stress. mechanisms by which gaba may facilitate these responses to stress are metabolic and/or mechanical disruptions. environmental stresses increase gaba accumulation through cytosolic acidification, induce an acidic ph-dependent activation of glutamate...

s: 1. Dinesh Lakhanpal and Gurcharan Kaur (2011). Valproic acid mediates disruption in hypothalamo-hypophyseal gonadal axis by upregulating GAD65 and GAD67. A01493 8 th IBRO World Congress of Neuroscience, International Brain Research Organisation, Florence, Italy. 2. Dinesh Lakhanpal and Gurcharan Kaur (2009). Effect of Chronic Valproic Acid Treatment on neuro-glial plasticity in female rats. ...

We described 59-year-old men with history of secondary/tertiary hypogonadism, without primary hypothyroidism, elevated prolactin or hemochromatosis structurally intact hypothalamo- hypophyseal (HT-HP) axis who was diagnosed in 2017. He treated by different physicians Testosterone intramuscular injections, hCG injections and combination FSH injections. The patients wanted to have another child t...

Idiopathic hypogonadotropic hypogonadism (IHH) is a group of rare developmental disorders characterized by low gonadotropin levels in the face sex steroid hormone concentrations. IHH practically divided into two major groups according to olfactory function: normal sense smell (normosmia) nIHH, and reduced (hyposmia/anosmia) Kallmann syndrome (KS). Although mutations more than 50 genes have been...