CD81 is a tetraspanin cell surface protein that regulates CD19 expression in B lymphocytes and enables hepatitis C virus infection of human cells. Immunohistologic analysis in normal hematopoietic tissue showed strong staining for CD81 in normal germinal center B cells, a cell type in which its increased expression has not been previously recognized. High-dimensional flow cytometry analysis of ...

T follicular helper (Tfh) cells play critical roles for germinal center responses and effective humoral immunity. We report here that mTOR in CD4 T cells is essential for Tfh differentiation. In Mtorf/f-Cd4Cre mice, both constitutive and inducible Tfh differentiation is severely impaired, leading to defective germinal center B cell formation and antibody production. Moreover, both mTORC1 and mT...

INTRODUCTION Progressive transformation of germinal centers (PTGC) was first described by Lennert and Muller-Hermelink in 1975 as enlargement of secondary follicles with blurring of the germinal center-mantle zone junction [1-3]. PTGC is a clinically asymptomatic condition characterized by persistent lymphadenopathy. PTGC is more common in males compared to females, with an approximate 3:1 rati...

BACKGROUND Nodular lymphocyte predominant Hodgkin lymphoma (NLPHL) is characterized by lymphocyte-predominant (LP) cells in a background of CD4+ CD57+ T-cells. These cells are normally present in the germinal center of lymphoid tissues. The cells rosetting LP cells are described to be PD-1 and BCL-6 positive, which are markers of T-follicular helper cells. This study was designed to address the...

The SLAM family receptors contribute to diverse aspects of lymphocyte biology and signal via the small adaptor molecule SAP. Mutations affecting SAP lead to X-linked lymphoproliferative syndrome Type 1, a severe immunodysregulation characterized by fulminant mononucleosis, dysgammaglobulinemia, and lymphoproliferation/lymphomas. Patients and mice having mutations affecting SAP also lack germina...

We used PCR to amplify rearranged VHDJH genes in single cells collected by micromanipulation from splenic germinal centers of immunized adult rabbits. In the course of the study, the objective of which was to analyze diversification of rearranged VHDJH sequences, we were surprised to find cells 7 and 10 days after immunization with rearranged VH1a2 as well as a-negative (y33 and x32) sequences ...

in this investigation, nano silica chloride (nano sio2cl) has been found to be efficient, chemoselective and recyclable catalyst for facile and simple synthesis of germinal diacetates from aromatic and heteroaromatic aldehydes in shorter reaction durations. the products were obtained in high to excellent yields. this work consistently has the advantages of excellent yields, short reaction time,...

Placental development was studied in 24 gerbils from day 13 to term. Allantoic mesoderm contacts and vascularizes the chorionic-trager plate of germinal cytotrophoblast on day 13. Soon villous extensions penetrate the plate, carrying with them a covering of three layers of trophoblast derived from it. As the villi elongate, clumps of germinal cytotrophoblast are carried peripherally by them. Fu...

CD40 is an important costimulatory molecule for B cells as well as dendritic cells, monocytes, and other APCs. The ligand for CD40, CD154, is expressed on activated T cells, NK cells, mast cells, basophils, and even activated B cells. Although both CD40(-/-) and CD154(-/-) mice have impaired ability to isotype switch, form germinal centers, make memory B cells, and produce Ab, it is not entirel...

At the turn of the twentieth century, Edmund B. Wilson performed experiments to show where germinal matter was located in molluscs. At Columbia University [4] in New York City, New York, Wilson studied what causes cells to differentiate during development. In 1904 he conducted his experiments on molluscs, and he modified the theory about the location of germinal matter in the succeeding years. ...