Communities of insect herbivores and their natural enemies are rich and ecologically crucial components of terrestrial biodiversity. Understanding the processes that promote their origin and maintenance is thus of considerable interest. One major proposed mechanism is ecological speciation through host-associated differentiation (HAD), the divergence of a polyphagous species first into ecologic...

Fig trees are pollinated by fig wasps, which also oviposit in female flowers. The wasp larvae gall and eat developing seeds. Although fig trees benefit from allowing wasps to oviposit, because the wasp offspring disperse pollen, figs must prevent wasps from ovipositing in all flowers, or seed production would cease, and the mutualism would go extinct. In Ficus racemosa, we find that syconia ('f...

To evaluate the impact of fallout from the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant accident on organisms, this study compared the morphology and viability of gall-forming aphids between the Fukushima population and control populations from noncontaminated areas. This study, in particular, focused on the morphology of first-instar gall formers derived from the first sexual reproduction after the a...

A central issue in the field of community genetics is the expectation that trait variation among genotypes play a defining role in structuring associated species and in forming community phenotypes. Quantifying the existence of such community phenotypes in two common garden environments also has important consequences for our understanding of gene-by-environment interactions at the community le...

Leaf galls induced by a still undescribed new species of Cecidomyiidae (Diptera) are frequent on leaves of Clusia arrudae Planchon & Tirana (Clusiaceae) in the rupestrian fields at 1400 m a.s.l. in Serra do Cipó, Minas Gerais, Brazil. Galls were 7.1 ± 0.7 mm in diameter, one chambered with only one larva inside. Gall tissue is green and soft. Assessments of photosynthetic capacity using chlorop...

This study examines the types of structural information that can be gained by utilizing the scanning electron microscope (SEM) and a cryofracture technique to examine the host-parasite interaction. Roots of tomato, Lycopersicon esculentum cv. Marglobe, were cultured aseptically and inoculated with the root-knot nematode, Meloidogyne incognita. Twenty-four hours to four weeks after inoculation, ...

Kraemer [1900], who investigated the galls formed by Cynips aciculata on Quercus cocinea, found that during the chrysalis stage gallic acid was produced and that as the imago developed the gallic acid gave place to tannic acid. These observations gain in interest if viewed in the light of the recent investigations of v. Stockert and Zellner [1914], who have proved the presence of nitrogenous pr...

1. Urinary stones 1.1 Pathogenesis 1.2 Classification of stones 1.2.1 Calcium stones 1.2.2 Uric Acid Stones 1.2.3 Magnesium Ammonium Phosphate Stones, struvite or infection stones 1.2.4 Cystine 1.3 Risk factors 1.3.1 Non-genetic factors 1.3.1.1 Diet 1.3.1.2 Body size 1.3.1.3 Environment 1.3.2 Genetic factors 2. Other urological stones: Testicular microlithiasis 3. Biliary and gallbladder stones...

BACKGROUND To develop a method for systematic classification of gallbladder stones, analyze the clinical characteristics of each type of stone and provide a theoretical basis for the study of the formation mechanism of different types of gallbladder stones. METHODOLOGY A total of 807 consecutive patients with gallbladder stones were enrolled and their gallstones were studied. The material com...