In the course of an investigation into seasonal changes in the endocrine organs of wild mallards (Anasplatyrhinchas p. (L.)), a striking seasonal cycle was found in the thymus affecting both the amount of thymus tissue and its histological structure. This appears to be the first description of changes of this nature affecting the thymus apart from a statement by Jolly (1913) in connexion with a...

Specimens of testis, excurrent duct including the accessory genital glands and urethra throughout its extension were investigated in adult bovines, in order to immunohistochemically localize both the peptidergic innervation and the epithelial cell types belonging to the diffuse endocrine system (DES). Immunoreactivities to GRP, met- and leu-enkephalins, CGRP, NPY, substance P, VIP, somatostatin...

Largest of all endocrine glands, the Thyroid, is a butterfly shaped organ, located in anterior neck, extending from C5 to T1. Normal Balance its hormones are vital, as they play key role many vital processes, especially metabolism. Hyperthyroidism condition which there rise TSH hormone levels, due multiple factors, causing multi-organ dysfunction. Its prevalence about 20:1000 females. Males aff...

Autophagy is an important intracellular process involving the degradation of cytoplasmic components. It is involved in both physiological and pathological conditions, including cancer. The role of autophagy in cancer is described as a 'double-edged sword,' a term that reflects its known participation in tumor suppression, tumor survival and tumor cell proliferation. Available research regarding...

The primary purpose is to do cancer risk assessment of toxaphene by using four steps of risk assessment proposed by the United States National Academy of Sciences/National Research Council (NAS/NRC). Four steps of risk assessment including hazard identification, dose-response relationship, exposure assessment, and risk characterization were used to evaluate cancer risk of toxaphene. Toxaphene w...

albright syndrome is a rare condition, usually appears in the early years of life and characterized by bending or thickening of long bones. in girls, of endocrine glands disorders especially precocious puberty are the most common symptoms. also, brown pigments in the skin are another sing of this syndrome. certain mucosal and skin pigments are considerable features of the disease. etiology and ...

Thyroidectomy is one of the most commonly performed endocrine procedures in world. Conventional open thyroidectomy more frequently undertaken than its minimally invasive counterpart. Elective treatment choice for benign and malignant thyroid disease includes total near-total thyroidectomy, lobo-isthmectomy. Open requires careful preoperative patient preparation and, among other skills, thorough...