This is the first article in a series describing the essentials of the pediatric neurologic examination. The series will address the neurologic examination at different developmental stages from the neonate to the teenage years. The goals of the article are to 1) describe the newborn examination and 2) briefly describe the most common neurologic problems seen in the newborn population. One of t...

We read with great interest the paper entitled ‘‘Tailored surgery for drug-resistant epilepsy due to temporal pole encephalocele and microdysgenesis’’ by Giulioni et al. The authors describe two cases of encephalocele associated with cortical microdysgenesis and assert the necessity to consider an extensive surgical resection in subjects with small encephaloceles, due to the possible concomitan...

Figure 1-MRI, sagittal SE 600/20. Intrasellar hypointense mass extending into sphenoid sinus (arrow). Pituitary gland elevated, optic nerve not involved. A 48 year old woman had an MRI examination of the brain which confirmed the clinical diagnosis of multiple sclerosis. Incidentally, a cystic mass was noted in the sella turcica. A pharyngeal soft tissue mass containing cysts was also shown (Fi...

Adenoid diseases include acute adenoiditis, recurrent acute adenoiditis, chronic adenoiditis, and obstructive adenoid hyperplasia. The latter, that constitutes a triad of symptoms including chronic nasal obstruction (with snoring and obligate oral breathing), nasal discharge, and nasal intonation of voice, is the most common cause necessitating surgical intervention. Differentiating adenoid inf...

Morning Glory Syndrome (MGS) is a rare congenital malformation of the optic nerve that is caused by a failure of the closure of the choroidal embryonic fissure . The syndrome is usually seen in association with midline in utero cranial defects, such as transsphenoidal and basal encephaloceles. Although MGS usually presents as an isolated ocular finding, it can be associated with endocrinologic...

Shima Shahjouei, MD; Farideh Nejat*, MD, MPH; El Mostafa Khashab, MD, PhD 1. Department of Neurosurgery, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran 2. Children’s Medical Center, Pediatric Center of Excellence, Tehran, Iran 3. Department of Neurosurgery, Hackensack University Medical Center, New Jersey, USA Received: Jun 21, 2012; Accepted: Oct 31, 2012; Online Available: Dec 05, 2012 E...

The evolution of the endoscopic endonasal transsphenoidal technique, which was initially reserved only for sellar lesions through the sphenoid sinus cavity, has lead in the last decades to a progressive possibility to access the skull base from the nose. This route allows midline access and visibility to the suprasellar, retrosellar and parasellar space while obviating brain retraction, and mak...

lower limbs and other major organ malformations.4 Complex dysraphic states due to aberrant integration of the notochord include split cord malformation (SCM) or diastematomyelia: a congenital spinal anomaly in which there is longitudinal splitting of the spinal cord.5,6 Causes of NTDs are multifactorial and defects in several different genes can underlie the genetic basis of this disease.1 Howe...

Nasal dermoid sinus cysts are the most common congenital midline nasal lesions. The frequency of intracranial extensions varies from 5% to 45%. Complete surgical excision of nasal dermoid cyst and any associated sinus tract is essential for cure and any residual ectodermal elements result in a high rate of recurrence and complicated infections. Many different approaches have been described for ...